1Department of Radiation Oncology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Center for Proton Therapy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
3Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Department of Radiation Oncology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
6Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
7Department of Radiation Oncology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
8Department of Radiation Oncology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Korea
9Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
10Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
11Department of Radiation Oncology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
12Department of Radiation Oncology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
13Department of Radiation Oncology, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
14Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2024 by the Korean Cancer Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethical Statement
The Institutional Review Board of each participating institution approved this study (approval number: EUMC 2018-11-050) and the requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the analysis: Kim K, Chie EK.
Collected the data: Park Y, Kim TH, Yu JI, Jung W, Seong J, Kim WC, Choi JH, Chang AR, Jeong BK, Kim BH, Kim TG, Kim JH, Park HJ, Shin HS, Im JH, Chie EK.
Contributed data or analysis tools: Kim TH.
Performed the analysis: Park Y.
Wrote the paper: Park Y, Kim TH, Kim K, Jung W, Seong J, Kim WC, Choi JH, Chang AR, Jeong BK, Kim BH, Kim TG, Kim JH, Park HJ, Shin HS, Im JH, Chie EK.
Conflicts of Interest
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
Variable | No. (%) |
---|---|
Age (yr), median (range) | 68 (34-90) |
Sex | |
Male | 585 (63.3) |
Female | 339 (36.7) |
Tumor location | |
Perihilar | 240 (26.0) |
Distal | 621 (67.2) |
Diffuse | 63 (6.8) |
pT category | |
T1 | 118 (12.8) |
T2 | 402 (43.5) |
T3 | 398 (43.1) |
T4 | 6 (0.6) |
pN category | |
N0 | 666 (72.1) |
N1 | 256 (27.7) |
Nx | 2 (0.2) |
Differentiation | |
Well | 193 (20.9) |
Moderate | 583 (58.2) |
Poor | 177 (19.2) |
Unknown | 16 (1.7) |
Resection margin | |
Negative | 805 (87.1) |
Positive | 119 (12.9) |
Perineural invasion | |
Absent | 229 (24.8) |
Present | 640 (69.3) |
Unknown | 55 (6.0) |
Preoperative CA19-9 (U/mL) | |
< 37 | 378 (40.9) |
≥ 37 | 528 (57.1) |
Unknown | 18 (1.9) |
Univariate |
Multivariate |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
5-Year rate (%) | p-value | p-value | HR (95% CI) | |
Age (yr) | ||||
< 65 | 58.7 | 0.445 | - | - |
≥ 65 | 57.1 | - | ||
Sex | ||||
Male | 60.3 | 0.074 | - | - |
Female | 53.5 | - | ||
Tumor location | ||||
Distal | 61.0 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 1 |
Perihilar+diffuse | 50.7 | 1.391 (1.113-1.737) | ||
pT category | ||||
T1/2 | 62.5 | 0.002 | 0.082 | - |
T3/4 | 51.5 | - | ||
pN category | ||||
N0 | 67.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1 |
N+ | 28.0 | 2.670 (2.125-3.355) | ||
Differentiation | ||||
Well+moderate | 61.0 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1 |
Poor | 41.5 | 2.014 (1.570-2.583) | ||
Perineural invasion | ||||
Absent | 77.2 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 1 |
Present | 49.9 | 1.768 (1.292-2.242) | ||
Resection margin | ||||
Negative | 59.4 | < 0.001 | 0.053 | - |
Positive | 45.2 | - | ||
Preoperative CA19-9 (U/mL) | ||||
< 37 | 65.8 | < 0.001 | 0.009 | 1 |
≥ 37 | 51.4 | 1.353 (1.077-1.701) |
CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9.
CA 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.