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Original Article Prospective Validation of The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a Novel Geriatric Screening Tool, in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing First-line Palliative Chemotherapy
Jin Won Kim, MD1, Se Hyun Kim, MD1, Yun-Gyoo Lee, MD2, In Gyu Hwang, MD3, Jin Young Kim, MD4, Su-Jin Koh, MD5, Yoon Ho Ko, MD6, Seong Hoon Shin, MD7, In Sook Woo, MD8, Soojung Hong, MD9, Tae-Yong Kim, MD10, Ji Yeon Baek, MD11, Hyun Jung Kim, MD12, Hyo Jung Kim, MD13, Myung Ah Lee, MD14, Jung Hye Kwon, MD15, Yong Sang Hong, MD16, Hun-Mo Ryoo, MD17, Kyung Hee Lee, MD18, Jee Hyun Kim, MD1,
Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2019;51(3):1249-1256.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.451
Published online: January 2, 2019

1Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea

2Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

3Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

4Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

5Department of Hematology and Oncology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea

6Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, Korea

7Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

8Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

9Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea

10Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

11Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

12Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea

13Department of Internal Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea

14Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

15Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

16Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

17Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu Catholic University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

18Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University Medical Center, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

Correspondence: Jee Hyun Kim, MD Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea
Tel: 82-31-787-7022 Fax: 82-31-787-4052 E-mail: jhkimmd@snu.ac.kr
• Received: August 8, 2018   • Accepted: December 30, 2018

Copyright © 2019 by the Korean Cancer Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Purpose
    The purpose of this study was to prospectively validate the Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a novel geriatric screening tool, in older patients with advanced cancer planned to undergo first-line palliative chemotherapy.
  • Materials and Methods
    Participants answered the KG-7 questionnaire before undergoing geriatric assessment (GA) and first-line palliative chemotherapy. The performance of KG-7 was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), balanced accuracy (BA), and area under the curve (AUC).
  • Results
    The baseline GA and KG-7 results were collected from 301 patients. The median age was 75 years (range, 70 to 93 years). Abnormal GA was documented in 222 patients (73.8%). Based on the ≤ 5 cut-off value of KG-7 for abnormal GA, abnormal KG-7 score was shown in 200 patients (66.4%). KG-7 showed SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA of 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, and 67.7%, respectively; AUC was 0.745 (95% confidence interval, 0.687 to 0.803). Furthermore, patients with higher KG-7 scores showed significantly longer survival (p=0.006).
  • Conclusion
    KG-7 appears to be adequate in identifying patients with abnormal GA prospectively. Hence, KG-7 can be a useful screening tool for Asian countries with limited resources and high patient volume.
  • Key words: Geriatric assessment, KG-7, Screening tools, Prospective, Validation
Geriatric assessment (GA) can identify various problems necessary to determine the appropriate geriatric intervention and follow-up strategies for older patients, otherwise not possible by conventional physical examination and/or history taking [1,2]. It is considered useful due to its ability to differentiate between older patients with good and diminished physiological reserves. In older patients with cancer, GA has been used to predict tolerability of cancer treatment [3,4], toxicity of chemotherapy [5,6], and survival [7,8]. However, the full GA consists of many domains with items, including medical, functional, neuropsychiatric, nutritional, and social assessments [9], which can be highly time consuming and labor intensive. Therefore, it can be ineffective in routine practice, especially in institutions with limited resources and high patient volume, especially in high-burden oncology clinics. To remedy this, a screening method that differentiates older patients who need the full GA from those who do not need such extensive approach may be highly beneficial [10].
To date, there are several geriatric screening tools available, including Geriatric 8 (G-8), Abbreviated Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (aCGA), Groningen Frailty Index (GFI), Vulnerable Elders Survey-13 (VES-13), and Triage Risk Screening Tool (TRST) [11-13]. However, these methods provide insufficient information to precisely identify patients that need the full GA [9]. Moreover, they do not represent all domains evenly [9,14]. VES-13 was developed to identify vulnerable older individuals in a community, and TRST was developed to predict repeat emergency department visits [15,16]. Hence, the applicability of these methods in cancer patients may be limiting. In addition, domain of GA could be various based on cultural backgrounds and clinical practice patterns. Given these considerations, we have developed a novel screening tool: the Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 with objective, easy-to-answer questions that have been selected from a large dataset to represent each domain of GA with high sensitivity (SE) and specificity (SP) in the previous study [17].
In this study, we aimed to prospectively validate the clinical utility of KG-7 from an independent cohort of older patients with advanced cancer planned to undergo first-line palliative chemotherapy. We also assessed the prognostic value of KG-7 in terms of overall survival (OS).
This prospective study to validate KG-7 was conducted as a substudy of another prospective, longitudinal, and multicenter cohort study to develop a prediction tool for adverse events ≥ grade 3 due to chemotherapy [18]. Inclusion criteria of this study were as follows: patient age ≥ 70 years; candidate for first-line palliative chemotherapy; and patients with histologically confirmed solid tumor. The exclusion criteria were hematologic malignancy, such as lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma; patient with a treatment plan of monotherapy with biologic agent or targeted agent, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, combination chemotherapy with investigational agents, or monotherapy with oral agents; and recurrent cases during adjuvant chemotherapy.
1. KG-7 and GA
KG-7 questionnaire was answered before full GA. KG-7 consisted of seven questions evenly distributed to represent each domain of GA (Table 1). KG-7 scores ranged from 0 to 7, and higher scores indicated better conditions. In a previous study, the cut-off value of KG-7 was defined as 5.5 [17]. As in our previous studies, GA consisted of an evaluation of medical problems, social support, functional status, cognitive status, emotional status, nutritional status, and mobility [3,17,19]. To measure comorbidity, Charlson comorbidity index was used, which was divided into low (0 points), medium (1-2 points), high (3-4 points), and very high (≥ 5 points) groups in accordance with the original weighting system [20]. The functional status was tested using the activities of daily living (ADL) and Korean instrument activities of daily living (K-IADL) scores [21,22]. At least one item with dependency in ADL or K-IADL was categorized as ADLdependent or IADL-dependent, respectively. Timed get-upand-go test (TGUG) of greater than 20 seconds was defined as impaired mobility [23]. Cognitive function was tested using Mini-Mental Status Examination in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease Assessment Packet (MMSE-KC), which was categorized into severe cognitive impairment (scores ≤ 16) and mild cognitive impairment (scores 17-24) [24]. For depression, shortform geriatric depression scale (SGDS) scores of 5 to 9 and of 10 or more showed mild depression and severe depression, respectively [25]. In terms of nutritional status, the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) score of less than 17.0 and between 17.0 and 23.5 indicated malnutrition and risk of malnutrition, respectively [26]. GA was evaluated by clinical research coordinators who underwent appropriate education – and were certified by the Korean Cancer Study Group (KCSG) for the standardization of GA. Abnormal GA was defined as deficits in at least two out of six domains (ADL, K-IADL, MMSE-KC, SGDS, MNA, and TGUG).
2. Statistical analysis
SE, SP, positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), balanced accuracy [BA=(SE+SP)/2], as well as the area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. The performance of KG-7 was numerically compared with that of G-8. The G-8 was obtained from MNA and age. OS was calculated from the date of GA to the last follow-up or any cause of death. The event for OS was defined as any cause of death. The probability of OS was calculated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank significance tests. All analyses were performed using PASW Statistics ver. 18 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
3. Ethical statement
This study was approved by the institutional review boards and independent ethics committee of each hospital and KCSG (KCSG PC13-09). This study was registered with the Clinical Research Information Service (CRiS, WHO ICTRP number: KCT0001071). All participating patients provided written informed consent.
1. Baseline characteristics and GA
Between February 2014 and December 2015, 301 patients undergoing palliative chemotherapy were enrolled in 17 hospitals affiliated with KCSG. The baseline patient characteristics and results of GA are shown in Table 2. The median age was 75 years (range, 70 to 93 years). Forty-two patients (14.0%) were 80 years of age or older. Males were more than females (69.1% and 30.9%, respectively). The most common cancer types were colorectal cancer (28.9%), lung cancer (24.6%), and hepato-biliary-pancreatic cancer (22.3%). In terms of GA, Charlson comorbidity index showed low or medium risk of comorbidity (52.2% and 37.9%, respectively) in most patients. Dependency in ADL and IADL was identified in 28.6% and 41.2% of patients, respectively. MMSE indicated mild and severe impairment of cognitive function in 45.5% and 10.0% of patients, respectively. Mild and severe depression were detected in 30.6% and 13.3% of patients, respectively. The risk of malnutrition and having malnutrition by MNA were seen in 56.8% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. There were 47 patients (15.6%) who had impaired mobility by TGUG > 20 seconds or were unable to complete the test. In two patients, abnormality of GA could not be determined in accordance with the definition of abnormality defined above due to missing values of GA. Abnormal GA was identified in 222 patients (73.8%).
2. KG-7
The KG-7 score was collected in all patients. The distribution of KG-7 score is shown in Fig. 1. SE and SP using different cutoffs were presented as a S1 Table. Based on the ≤ 5 cut-off value of KG-7 for abnormal GA, as suggested by a previous study [17], abnormal KG-7 score was shown in 200 patients (66.4%). The SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA were 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, and 67.7%, respectively. According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, AUC was 0.745 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.687 to 0.803; p < 0.001) (Fig. 2A).
3. The performance of KG-7 compared with that of G-8
The G-8 score was calculated using MNA and age. In one patient, G-8 score could not be calculated due to missing values. There was the positive correlation between KG-7 and G-8 scores (Pearson correlation, 0.517; p < 0.001). With the G-8 cut-off value of ≤ 14 for abnormal GA, as suggested by a reference study [27], abnormal G-8 score was shown in 263 patients (87.4%). SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA were 94.1%, 28.6%, 79.0%, 61.1%, and 61.4%, respectively. According to ROC, AUC was 0.772 (95% CI, 0.710 to 0.834; p < 0.001) (Fig. 2B). The SE and NPV of G-8 were higher than those of KG-7. However, SP and PPV of G-8 were lower than those of KG-7. Furthermore, BA was higher in KG-7 than in G-8 (67.7% and 61.4%, respectively). Normal G-8 score (> 14 points) was shown in only 12.3% of all patients. Hence, G-8 showed a lower number of patients without the need of full GA than KG-7 (33.6%).
4. OS according to KG-7 score
The KG-7 scores showed a prognostic value for OS. Patients with a higher KG-7 score showed longer OS (p=0.006). The median OS was longer in patients with normal KG-7 scores than those with abnormal KG-7 scores (19 months vs. 10 months, p=0.003) (Fig. 3A). When patients were categorized into four groups according to KG-7 score (0, 1 vs. 2, 3 vs. 4, 5 vs. 6, 7), groups with higher scores also showed longer OS (median OS, 4 vs. 5 vs. 12 vs. 19 months, respectively; p=0.002) (Fig. 3B).
In this study, we prospectively validated the performance of KG-7, which is a novel screening tool suitable for an outpatient oncology clinic setting with low resources and high patient burden to identify patients in need of full GA [17]. KG-7 could identify patients with abnormal GA with comparable performance with G-8. Furthermore, KG-7 showed a prognostic value for OS.
KG-7 consists of seven easy-to-answer questions. In the previous development study, several characteristics of KG-7 have been reported to be noteworthy when compared with the characteristics of other screening tools [17]. First, KG-7 was based on a large GA dataset, which included the standard method in evaluating older patients. Second, the items in each domain of KG-7 were rearranged to encompass the entire GA and distributed evenly across each essential domain. Third, KG-7 was developed with the consideration of its applicability to cancer patients. Finally, KG-7 showed the prognostic value.
In a previous systematic review, SE and SP of each screening tool for predicting frailty on GA was various, ranging from 25% to 92% and 39% to 100%, respectively, depending on the definition of abnormal GA, prevalence of abnormal GA, enrolled population, and applied tools [9]. They did not show enough of a discriminative value to be applicable in routine practice. Recently, it has been reported that modifying or adding relevant items enhanced the SE and SP of the current tools [28,29]. Based on these findings, KG-7 showed affordable accuracy in this validation study (SE, SP, PPV, NPV, BA, and AUC were 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, 67.7%, and 0.745, respectively). This value was somewhat attenuated compared to those reported in development cohort and retrospective cohort receiving first-line palliative chemotherapy [17]. This could be explained by lower incidence of abnormal GA (66.4% vs. 79.5%). However, in comparison with G-8, our study showed similar AUC value, although SE and NPV of KG-7 were slightly lower than those of G-8. SP and PPV were higher than those of G-8. Furthermore, BA was higher in KG-7 than in G-8.
GA should reflect various social and cultural aspects. Body mass index selected in G-8 is not acceptable for older Asian patients with cancer due to relatively smaller body mass indexes compared with older Western patients with cancer. Therefore, a modified or novel tool was necessary to meet the characteristics of Asian clinical setting and population. KG-7 is the first validated screening tool in older Asian patients with cancer.
The percentage of patients with a normal score of KG-7 was higher in this validation study than that in the previous development cohort study (33.6% vs. 20.5%) [17]. The percentage of patients with a normal score of G-8 was also higher in this study population than in the previous study (12.3% vs. 9.2%). This can be attributed to the characteristics of patients enrolled. In this validation study, candidates for first-line palliative chemotherapy were included prospectively, and all patients were fit to receive chemotherapy on physician’s decisions and were able to provide informed consent. This result suggests that KG-7 may be a good, functional screening tool, of which results could be different according to characteristics of patients.
In this validation study, prognostic factors of enrolled patients were homogeneous. Most patients had good performance status of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 and less comorbidity of low/medium Charlson risk index. All patients were candidates for firstline palliative chemotherapy. Nevertheless, according to the KG-7 score, OS was significantly discriminated, similar to a previous study [17]. The findings of this study indicate that KG-7 is a good tool for routine practice as it provides not only screening but also prognosis.
There are some limitations in this study. First, KG-7 was obtained by face-to-face interview before full GA; however, the scores of G-8 were retrieved using MNA and age. Hence, our study is not a head-to-head comparison between KG-7 and G-8. However, because items of G-8 are identical to corresponding items of MNA and it was collected prospectively, the results of G-8 should be reliable. Although indirect, the comparison performed in this study between KG-7 and G-8 should provide the reader with the relative performance of KG-7. Second, this study was conducted as a substudy of another prospective, longitudinal, and multicenter cohort study. The validation of KG-7 was the secondary outcome of another study. However, GA was the essential data in the primary study and KG-7 was collected in all patients. Timing of obtaining KG-7 before GA was followed with great attention. Further studies are necessary to determine whether a two-step approach using KG-7 screening followed by full GA impacts patient outcome, including toxicity, chemotherapy completion rate, and ultimate survival of older cancer patients. Finally, abnormal GA was defined as two or more deficits of GA domains in our study, which have been used in many studies related with geriatric screening tools. Older patients with cancer who have only one deficit of GA domain should be identified to provide a proper geriatric intervention to correct the deficit.
In this study, we have validated the usefulness of KG-7 as a screening tool in older patients with cancer planned to receive first-line palliative chemotherapy. We showed that KG-7 was comparable to G-8. Moreover, OS was discriminated according to KG-7 scores. KG-7 could be used effectively in countries with high patient burden and low resources to select patients in need of full GA.
Supplementary materials are available at Cancer Research and Treatment website (http://www.e-crt.org).
crt-2018-451-suppl1.pdf

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Acknowledgements
All authors would like to express our deepest respect and gratitude to late Prof. Hong Suk Song, a valued member of Korean Cancer Study Group, who participated as principal investigator and contributed greatly from initial stage of the study.
This study was supported by grants from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (study no: 1320370). The funding source did not play any role in the study except for funding.
Fig. 1.
Distribution of Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 score according to status of geriatric assessment (GA). Values shown in Table are presented as number (%).
crt-2018-451f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve comparing Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 (A) with Geriatric 8 (G-8) (B). CI, confidence interval.
crt-2018-451f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Overall survival according to normal Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 vs. abnormal KG-7 score (A), overall survival based on subgroups of KG-7 scores (B).
crt-2018-451f3.jpg
Table 1.
The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7
1. Can you take a shower or bath without help? Yes (1), No (0)
2. Can you ascend the stairs without help? Yes (1), No (0)
3. Can you take care of all shopping needs independently? Yes (1), No (0)
4. How is the self-view of your nutritional status? Good (1), Bad (0)
5. Do you take more than 3 prescription drugs per day? Yes (0), No (1)
6. What year, month and day is this? Correct answer (1), Incorrect answer (0)
7. Have you dropped many of your activities and interests? Yes (0), No (1)
Total points ( )/7 points
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics including geriatric assessment
Variable No. (%) (n=301)
Age, median (range, yr) 75 (70-93)
 70-79 259 (86.0)
 ≥ 80 42 (14.0)
Sex
 Male 208 (69.1)
 Female 93 (30.9)
ECOG PS
 0 39 (13.0)
 1 206 (68.4)
 2 52 (17.3)
 3/4 4 (1.3)
Cancer type
 Colorectal cancer 87 (28.9)
 Lung 74 (24.6)
 Hepato-biliary-pancreatic 67 (22.3)
 Stomach 32 (10.6)
 Urinary tract cancer (including prostate) 15 (5.0)
 Head and neck 10 (3.3)
 Othersa) 16 (5.3)
Comorbidity (Charlson risk index)
 Low (0) 157 (52.2)
 Medium (1-2) 114 (37.9)
 High (3-4) 28 (9.3)
 Very high (≥ 5) 2 (0.7)
Activity of daily living
 Independent 215 (71.4)
 Dependent 86 (28.6)
Instrumental activity daily of living
 Independent 177 (58.8)
 Dependent 124 (41.2)
Cognitive function (MMSE-KC)
 Intact (25-30) 134 (44.5)
 Mild impairment (17-24) 137 (45.5)
 Severe impairment (≤ 16) 30 (10.0)
Depression (SGDS)
 Intact (< 5) 167 (55.5)
 Mild depression (≥ 5 and < 10) 92 (30.6)
 Severe depression) (≥ 10) 40 (13.3)
 Unknown 2 (0.7)
Nutritional status (MNA)
 Normal (≥ 24) 70 (23.3)
 Risk of malnutrition (≥ 17 and < 24) 171 (56.8)
 Malnutrition (< 17) 59 (19.6)
 Unknown 1 (0.3)
Mobility (TGUG)
 Intact 235 (78.1)
 Impaired or incapable 47 (15.6)
 Unknown 19 (6.3)
Geriatric assessment
 Abnormal 222 (73.8)
 Normal 77 (25.6)
 Undetermined 2 (0.7)

ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Scale of Performance Status; MMSE-KC, Mini-Mental Status Examination in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease Assessment Packet; SGDS, Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; TGUG, Timed Get Up and Go test. a)Others: breast (4), gynecological (4), esophageal cancer (3), sarcoma (2), melanoma (2), thymoma (1).

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      Prospective Validation of The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a Novel Geriatric Screening Tool, in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing First-line Palliative Chemotherapy
      Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1249-1256.   Published online January 2, 2019
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.451
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    Prospective Validation of The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a Novel Geriatric Screening Tool, in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing First-line Palliative Chemotherapy
    Image Image Image
    Fig. 1. Distribution of Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 score according to status of geriatric assessment (GA). Values shown in Table are presented as number (%).
    Fig. 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve comparing Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 (A) with Geriatric 8 (G-8) (B). CI, confidence interval.
    Fig. 3. Overall survival according to normal Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7 vs. abnormal KG-7 score (A), overall survival based on subgroups of KG-7 scores (B).

    Fig. 1.

    Fig. 2.

    Fig. 3.

    Prospective Validation of The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a Novel Geriatric Screening Tool, in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing First-line Palliative Chemotherapy
    1. Can you take a shower or bath without help? Yes (1), No (0)
    2. Can you ascend the stairs without help? Yes (1), No (0)
    3. Can you take care of all shopping needs independently? Yes (1), No (0)
    4. How is the self-view of your nutritional status? Good (1), Bad (0)
    5. Do you take more than 3 prescription drugs per day? Yes (0), No (1)
    6. What year, month and day is this? Correct answer (1), Incorrect answer (0)
    7. Have you dropped many of your activities and interests? Yes (0), No (1)
    Total points ( )/7 points
    Variable No. (%) (n=301)
    Age, median (range, yr) 75 (70-93)
     70-79 259 (86.0)
     ≥ 80 42 (14.0)
    Sex
     Male 208 (69.1)
     Female 93 (30.9)
    ECOG PS
     0 39 (13.0)
     1 206 (68.4)
     2 52 (17.3)
     3/4 4 (1.3)
    Cancer type
     Colorectal cancer 87 (28.9)
     Lung 74 (24.6)
     Hepato-biliary-pancreatic 67 (22.3)
     Stomach 32 (10.6)
     Urinary tract cancer (including prostate) 15 (5.0)
     Head and neck 10 (3.3)
     Othersa) 16 (5.3)
    Comorbidity (Charlson risk index)
     Low (0) 157 (52.2)
     Medium (1-2) 114 (37.9)
     High (3-4) 28 (9.3)
     Very high (≥ 5) 2 (0.7)
    Activity of daily living
     Independent 215 (71.4)
     Dependent 86 (28.6)
    Instrumental activity daily of living
     Independent 177 (58.8)
     Dependent 124 (41.2)
    Cognitive function (MMSE-KC)
     Intact (25-30) 134 (44.5)
     Mild impairment (17-24) 137 (45.5)
     Severe impairment (≤ 16) 30 (10.0)
    Depression (SGDS)
     Intact (< 5) 167 (55.5)
     Mild depression (≥ 5 and < 10) 92 (30.6)
     Severe depression) (≥ 10) 40 (13.3)
     Unknown 2 (0.7)
    Nutritional status (MNA)
     Normal (≥ 24) 70 (23.3)
     Risk of malnutrition (≥ 17 and < 24) 171 (56.8)
     Malnutrition (< 17) 59 (19.6)
     Unknown 1 (0.3)
    Mobility (TGUG)
     Intact 235 (78.1)
     Impaired or incapable 47 (15.6)
     Unknown 19 (6.3)
    Geriatric assessment
     Abnormal 222 (73.8)
     Normal 77 (25.6)
     Undetermined 2 (0.7)
    Table 1. The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7

    Table 2. Baseline characteristics including geriatric assessment

    ECOG PS, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Scale of Performance Status; MMSE-KC, Mini-Mental Status Examination in the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease Assessment Packet; SGDS, Short-Form Geriatric Depression Scale; MNA, Mini Nutritional Assessment; TGUG, Timed Get Up and Go test. a)Others: breast (4), gynecological (4), esophageal cancer (3), sarcoma (2), melanoma (2), thymoma (1).

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

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