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Lung and Thoracic cancer
miR-4487 Enhances Gefitinib-Mediated Ubiquitination and Autophagic Degradation of EGFR in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Targeting USP37
Mi Seong Kim, So Hui Kim, Sei Hoon Yang, Min Seuk Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):445-457.   Published online August 3, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.622
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
With the identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, EGFR–tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being used widely as the first-line of treatment in NSCLC. These inhibitors block auto-phosphorylation of activated EGFR by competing with ATP binding and mediate EGFR degradation independent of exogenous epidermal growth factor, which is associated with the mutation variants of EGFR. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the TKI-mediated EGFR degradation are still unclear.
Materials and Methods
To examine the physiological roles of miR-4487 and ubiquitin-specific peptidase 37 (USP37) in gefitinib-mediated EGFR degradation in NSCLC cells, multiple NSCLC cell lines were applied. The level of EGFR expression, apoptosis marker and autophagic flux were determined by western blot. Expression level of miR-4487 and cell cycle arrest was analyzed by TaqMan assay and flow cytometry respectively.
Results
We found that gefitinib mediates EGFR degradation under normal culture conditions, and is dependent on autophagic flux and the mutation variants of EGFR. Gefitinib reduced expression levels of USP37, which mediated EGFR degradation similar to gefitinib. Our results also showed a gefitinib-mediated increase in endogenous miR-4487 level and presented evidence for the direct targeting of USP37 by miR-4487, resulting in the sequential enhancement of ubiquitination, autophagy, and EGFR degradation. Thus, the depletion of USP37 and overexpression of miR-4487 led to an increase in gefitinib-mediated apoptotic cell death.
Conclusion
These data suggest that miR-4487 is a potential target for treating NSCLC, and miR-4487/USP37-regulated EGFR degradation is a determinant for developing gefitinib resistance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Epigenetic code underlying EGFR-TKI resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: Elucidation of mechanisms and perspectives on therapeutic strategies
    XiaoYu Yao, Chundi Gao, Changgang Sun, Zhe-Sheng Chen, Jing Zhuang
    Drug Discovery Today.2025; 30(3): 104321.     CrossRef
  • Deubiquitination of epidermal growth factor receptor by ubiquitin-specific peptidase 54 enhances drug sensitivity to gefitinib in gefitinib-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cells
    Mi Seong Kim, Min Seuk Kim, Chien-Feng Li
    PLOS ONE.2025; 20(4): e0320668.     CrossRef
  • MicroRNAs as Sensitizers of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance in Cancer: Small Molecule Partnerships
    Alma D. Campos-Parra, David Sánchez-Marín, Víctor Acevedo-Sánchez
    Pharmaceuticals.2025; 18(4): 492.     CrossRef
  • Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potentials of Ubiquitin‐Proteasome System in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
    Guangyao Zhou, Jiaxiong Tan, Pengpeng Zhang, Zhaokai Zhou, Lianmin Zhang, Zhenfa Zhang
    Cell Proliferation.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Exploring the potential function of high expression of ANAPC1 in regulating ubiquitination in hepatocellular carcinoma
    Yu-Xing Tang, Wei-Zi Wu, Sheng-Sheng Zhou, Da-Tong Zeng, Guang-Cai Zheng, Rong-Quan He, Di-Yuan Qin, Wan-Ying Huang, Ji-Tian Chen, Yi-Wu Dang, Yu-Lu Tang, Bang-Teng Chi, Yan-Ting Zhan, Gang Chen
    World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The significance of the crosstalk between ubiquitination or deubiquitination and ncRNAs in non-small cell lung cancer
    Yiyang Sun, Ping He, Li Li, Xue Ding
    Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Lung adenocarcinoma cell-derived exosomes promote M2 macrophage polarization through transmission of miR-3153 to activate the JNK signaling pathway
    L Xu, L Wang, R Yang, T Li, X Zhu
    Human Molecular Genetics.2023; 32(13): 2162.     CrossRef
  • The potential role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of salivary gland cancer – A Focus on signaling pathways interplay
    Ahmed I. Abulsoud, Shereen Saeid Elshaer, Ahmed A. El-Husseiny, Doaa Fathi, Nourhan M. Abdelmaksoud, Sherif S. Abdel Mageed, Aya Salman, Mohamed Bakr Zaki, Hesham A. El-Mahdy, Ahmed Ismail, Elsayed G.E. Elsakka, Mai A. Abd-Elmawla, Hussein M. El-Husseiny,
    Pathology - Research and Practice.2023; 247: 154584.     CrossRef
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The Risk of Herpes Zoster in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer according to Chemotherapy Regimens: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors versus Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
Ji Young Choi, Miso Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Tae Min Kim, Dong-Wan Kim, Dae Seog Heo, Seong Jin Jo
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):169-177.   Published online April 5, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.491
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Despite the successful use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in cancer patients, their effect on herpes zoster development has not been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TKI and cytotoxic chemotherapy on the risk of herpes zoster development in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a medical review of all eligible NSCLC patients in Seoul National University hospital between 2002 and 2015. We classified patients based on whether they previously underwent EGFR TKI therapy into either the TKI group or the cytotoxic group. We compared the incidence rates of herpes zoster during TKI therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Additionally, the longitudinal risk of herpes zoster from TKIs was analyzed using the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of the TKI group to the cytotoxic group and the log-rank test of the Kaplan-Meier method.
Results
Of the 2,981 NSCLC patients, 54 patients (1.54%) developed herpes zoster. In the TKI group (2,002 patients), the IRR of herpes zoster during TKI therapy compared to that during cytotoxic chemotherapy was 1.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53 to 2.09). The IRR of the TKI group compared to the cytotoxic group was 1.33 (95% CI, 0.64 to 2.76). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative risk of both groups was not significantly different.
Conclusion
Our results show that the incidence rate of herpes zoster in the TKI group was not statistically different from the incidence in the cytotoxic group during and after chemotherapy in NSCLC patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of Sutetinib maleate capsule, an irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in healthy Chinese subjects
    Bei Cao, Tingting Ma, Yuqiang Zhang, Lei Huang, Hui Lin, Huanhuan Jiang, Yu Zhao, Yan Geng, Yuanxun Yang, Sumin Cao, Juan Li
    Investigational New Drugs.2024; 42(3): 289.     CrossRef
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    Jiyun Jung, Seong-Yeon Park, Jae-Yoon Park, Dalyong Kim, Kyoungmin Lee, Sungim Choi
    Cancers.2024; 16(8): 1499.     CrossRef
  • Herpes Zoster in Patients with Lung Cancer Treated with PD-1/PD-L1 Antibodies
    Yoshiaki Nagai, Masafumi Sata, Hiromitsu Ohta, Tsugitoshi Onuki, Tatsuya Saito, Ayumi Uchiyama, Ayako Kurosaki, Naoko Yoshizumi, Ayako Takigami, Shoko Nakazawa, Masayuki Nakayama, Hironori Yamaguchi, Koichi Hagiwara
    Immunotherapy.2022; 14(15): 1211.     CrossRef
  • Generalized herpes zoster and cutaneous metastasis during chemotherapy for non‐small cell lung cancer: A case report
    Naoya Yasokawa, Yuri Yasuda, Houhi Chin, Koji Kurose, Yumi Aoyama, Toru Oga
    Thoracic Cancer.2021; 12(1): 117.     CrossRef
  • The risk of herpes zoster among patients with ankylosing spondylitis: A population‐based cohort study in Taiwan
    Shuya Wang, James Cheng‐Chung Wei, Jing‐Yang Huang, Wuu‐Tsun Perng, Zhiyi Zhang
    International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases.2020; 23(2): 181.     CrossRef
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Gefitinib-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease in Korean Lung Cancer Patients
Seung-Hoon Beom, Dong-Wan Kim, Sung Hoon Sim, Bhumsuk Keam, Jin Hyun Park, Jeong-Ok Lee, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Dae Seog Heo
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):88-97.   Published online March 3, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.201
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a serious adverse effect of gefitinib. We examined the incidence and clinical characteristics of drug-induced ILD in Korean non-small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with gefitinib. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who started gefitinib treatment at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2002 through December 2011. Patients who developed new abnormal radiologic findings with respiratory symptoms after gefitinib treatment were defined as having possible adverse pulmonary reactions. The patients’ medical records were reviewed independently by investigators to identify the causes of pulmonary toxicities. Results Among the 1,114 patients evaluated, 128 patients (11.5%) developed pulmonary adverse reactions after taking gefitinib. An infectious complication occurred in 98 patients (8.8%) and 15 patients (1.3%) developed ILD. Nine of the 15 patients (60.0%) with gefitinib-induced ILD experienced a fatal clinical course that met either the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 4 (n=3) or grade 5 (n=6). In the multivariate analysis, a lower serum albumin level (≤ 3.0 g/dL) at baseline was significantly associated with the development of gefitinib-induced ILD (odds ratio, 3.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 12.71). Conclusion The incidence of gefitinib-induced ILD in Korean NSCLC patients was similar to that reported worldwide, but lower than values reported for Japanese population. ILD was usually a lifethreatening adverse effect of gefitinib, and the development of ILD was significantly associated with a lower baseline serum albumin level.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Incidence and risk of drug-induced interstitial lung disease associated with anti-neoplastic drugs
    Il-Hyung Hwang, Seung Hyeun Lee, Hankil Lee
    Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
  • Risk factors for interstitial lung disease in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Yosuke Fukuda, Yoshitaka Uchida, Koichi Ando, Ryo Manabe, Akihiko Tanaka, Hironori Sagara
    Respiratory Investigation.2024; 62(3): 481.     CrossRef
  • Valsartan prevents gefitinib-induced lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration of plasma metabolites in rats
    Wael A. Alanazi, Hussain N. Alhamami, Ali A. Alshamrani, Faleh Alqahtani, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Khalid Alhazzani, Mohammed Alswayyed
    Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.2023; 30(2): 103522.     CrossRef
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    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sensorineural hearing loss induced by gefitinib: A CARE-compliant case report and literature reviews
    Bao-chen Zhu, Wen-hua Yang, Mao Huang, Jin-gui Wang, Yan Liang, Zhen-zhen Lei, Sha-sha Zhang, Ying Wang, Xiao-di Sun, Ying Gong, Chun-miao Xue, Guo-dong Hua
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    Alessio Basolo, Antonio Matrone, Rossella Elisei, Ferruccio Santini
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    Min-Young Lee, Seug Yun Yoon, Kyoung Ha Kim, Namsu Lee, Ha Youn Kim, Jung Hwa Hwang, Jong-Ho Won
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2021; 36(3): 689.     CrossRef
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    Xie Xiaohong, Wang Liqiang, Li Na, Lin Xinqing, Qin Yinyin, Liu Ming, Ouyang Ming, Han Qian, Luo Qun, Li Shiyue, Li Chunyan, Wang Xiaoqian, Yang Shuanying, Huang Wei, Liu Mei, Wang Ping, Zhou Chengzhi
    Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Osimertinib for Japanese patients with T790M‐positive advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer: A pooled subgroup analysis
    Tomonori Hirashima, Miyako Satouchi, Toyoaki Hida, Makoto Nishio, Terufumi Kato, Hiroshi Sakai, Fumio Imamura, Katsuyuki Kiura, Isamu Okamoto, Kazuo Kasahara, Hirohiko Uchida, Sarah L. Vowler, Tetsuya Mitsudomi
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    Shigeki Saito, Joseph A. Lasky, Koichi Hagiwara, Yasuhiro Kondoh
    Respiratory Investigation.2018; 56(5): 375.     CrossRef
  • Personalized chemotherapy of lung cancer: What the radiologist should know
    G.R. Ferretti, E. Reymond, A. Delouche, L. Sakhri, A. Jankowski, D. Moro-Sibilot, S. Lantuejoul, A.C. Toffart
    Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging.2016; 97(3): 287.     CrossRef
  • Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease: Clinical Features, Diagnostic Challenges, and Therapeutic Dilemmas
    Rashmi R. Shah
    Drug Safety.2016; 39(11): 1073.     CrossRef
  • Combination Therapy of Gefitinib and Korean Herbal Medicines Could be a Beneficial Option for Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
    Namhun Lee, Kangwook Lee, Yoon-sik Kim, Chang-Gue Son, Jung-Hyo Cho, Hwa-Seung Yoo, Jonghoon Lee, Juyoung Ryu
    Journal of Pharmacopuncture.2016; 19(3): 259.     CrossRef
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    Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités.2016; 8(5): 325.     CrossRef
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Randomized Phase II Study of Pemetrexed Versus Gefitinib in Previously Treated Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Young Saing Kim, Eun Kyung Cho, Hyun Sun Woo, Junshik Hong, Hee Kyung Ahn, Inkeun Park, Sun Jin Sym, Sun Young Kyung, Shin Myung Kang, Jeong-Woong Park, Sung Hwan Jeong, Jinny Park, Jae Hoon Lee, Dong Bok Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):80-87.   Published online March 2, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.307
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed versus gefitinib in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with chemotherapy. Materials and Methods Patients with advanced (stage IIIB or IV) or recurrent NSCLC were randomly assigned to receive either 500 mg/m² of pemetrexed intravenously every 3 weeks or gefitinib 250 mg/day orally. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months.
Results
A total of 95 patients were enrolled (47 for pemetrexed and 48 for gefitinib). Most patients were male (72%) and current/ex-smokers (69%), and 80% had non-squamous cell carcinoma. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status was determined in 38 patients (40%); one patient per each arm was positive for EGFRmutation. The 6-month PFS rates were 22% and 15% for pemetrexed and gefitinib, respectively (p=0.35). Both arms showed an identical median PFS of 2.0 months and a median overall survival (OS) of 8.5 months. In EGFR wild-type patients, higher response rate (RR) and longer PFS as well as OS were achieved via pemetrexed compared with gefitinib, although there were no significant differences (RR: 39% vs. 9%, p=0.07; median PFS: 6.6 months vs. 3.1 months, p=0.45; median OS: 29.6 months vs. 12.9 months, p=0.62). Toxicities were mild in both treatment arms. Frequently reported toxicities were anemia and fatigue for pemetrexed, and skin rash and anorexia for gefitinib. Conclusion Both pemetrexed and gefitinib had similar efficacy with good tolerability as second-line treatment in unselected patients with advanced NSCLC. However, pemetrexed is considered more effective than gefitinib for EGFR wild-type patients.

Citations

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  • Adverse event profiles of EGFR-TKI: network meta-analysis and disproportionality analysis of the FAERS database
    Jing Shi, Xinya Liu, Mengjiao Gao, Jian Yu, Ting Chai, Yun Jiang, Jiawei Li, Yuanming Zhang, Li Wu
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Himani Aggarwal, Kerigo Ndirangu, Katherine B Winfree, Catherine Elizabeth Muehlenbein, Emily Zhu, Vanita Tongbram, Howard Thom
    Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Toxicity profile of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for patients with lung cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
    Yi Zhao, Bo Cheng, Zisheng Chen, Jianfu Li, Hengrui Liang, Ying Chen, Feng Zhu, Caichen Li, Ke Xu, Shan Xiong, Weixiang Lu, Zhuxing Chen, Ran Zhong, Shen Zhao, Zhanhong Xie, Jun Liu, Wenhua Liang, Jianxing He
    Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2021; 160: 103305.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and Safety of Pemetrexed and Gefitinib in the Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
    Zhihao Zhang, Xiyong Wang, Huaiqing Xiao, Dongqiang Wu, Dongliang Zhang, Qun Yu, Linna Yuan, Tao Huang
    Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
  • A meta-analysis of the safety and effectiveness of pemetrexed compared with gefitinib for pre-treated advanced or metastatic NSCLC
    Xiaoxin Lu, Shengshu Li, Weizong Chen, Dongyang Zheng, Yuzhu Li, Fang Li
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    Huiyu Wang, Zunjing Zhang, Feng Liu, Miaoying Zhou, Handi Lv
    Pteridines.2019; 30(1): 171.     CrossRef
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    Esther HA Sim, Ian A Yang, Richard Wood-Baker, Rayleen V Bowman, Kwun M Fong
    Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jens Köhler
    Frontiers in Medicine.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 16 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
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How Molecular Understanding Affects to Prescribing Patterns and Clinical Outcome of Gefitinib in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer? 10 Year Experience of Single Institution
Bhumsuk Keam, Dong-Wan Kim, Jin Hyun Park, Jeong-Ok Lee, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Doo Hyun Chung, Dae Seog Heo
Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(3):178-185.   Published online September 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.3.178
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
Gefitinib was introduced in 2002 for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, it is not clear whether its use in daily practice has changed the outcome of patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the question of how molecular understanding regarding gefitinib and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation affect the prescribing patterns and clinical outcomes of treatment with gefitinib in NSCLC, in a real practical field.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a retrospective analysis of the consecutive database of NSCLC patients who were treated with gefitinib at Seoul National University Hospital between January 2002 and December 2011. Prescribing patterns and clinical outcomes were analyzed by year.
RESULTS
A total of 1,115 NSCLC patients, who received gefitinib at recurred or metastatic setting, were included in this study. Proportion of patients receiving gefitinib, for the first line, showed a gradual increase, from 5.2% in 2002-2003 to 30.6% in 2010-2011. Proportion of patients who underwent EGFR mutation testing showed a rapid increase, from 0.6% in 2004-2005 to 73.5% in 2010-2011. The response rate also showed a gradual increase, from 17.2% in 2002-2003 to 57.1% in 2010-2011 (p<0.001). The median progression-free survival of gefitinib was increased with statistical significance from 2.8 months in 2002-2003 to 9.1 months in 2010-2011 (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION
We demonstrated that molecular understanding and practical use of EGFR mutation testing have resulted in a change in the prescription patterns of gefitinib. Use of an enrichment strategy can lead to improvement in the efficacy of gefitinib in real practice.

Citations

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  • The Risk of Herpes Zoster in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer according to Chemotherapy Regimens: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors versus Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
    Ji Young Choi, Miso Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Tae Min Kim, Dong-Wan Kim, Dae Seog Heo, Seong Jin Jo
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    Seung-Hoon Beom, Dong-Wan Kim, Sung Hoon Sim, Bhumsuk Keam, Jin Hyun Park, Jeong-Ok Lee, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Dae Seog Heo
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Case Reports
Sequential Responses of Adenocarcinoma of the Lung to Erlotinib after Gefitinib in Never Smoker Korean Woman
Hoon-Kyo Kim, Myeong Im Ahn, Jinyoung Yoo, Chi Hong Kim, Hong-Jun Yang, Byoung Yong Shim
Cancer Res Treat. 2007;39(1):37-39.   Published online March 31, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2007.39.1.37
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

A patient with adenocarcinoma of the lung was treated sequentially using two kinds of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, gefitinib and erlotinib. The patient was a 73-year-old female who received gefitinib as a second line treatment, which resulted in a partial response with response duration of 6 months. After progression of the disease, the patient received erlotinib, which resulted in partial response again with response duration of 11.5 months. This observation suggests that treatment with erlotinib may be effective in patients who develop progressive disease after a primary treatment with gefitinib following an initial response.

Citations

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  • Erlotinib usage after prior treatment with gefitinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A clinical perspective and review of published literature
    Navneet Singh
    World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2014; 5(5): 858.     CrossRef
  • Successful Rechallenge with Gefitinib for an Initial Erlotinib-Responder with Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma
    Sung Chul Hong, Yun Su Sim, Jin Hwa Lee, Yon Ju Ryu, Jung Hyun Chang
    Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2011; 71(4): 286.     CrossRef
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Gefitinib Trial in a Fanconi's Anemia Patient with Multiple Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hae Sun Jung, Gun-Woo Byun, Kyoung-Eun Lee, Yeung Chul Mun, Seung Hyun Nam, Jung Mi Kwon, Shi Nae Lee, Seock-Ah Im, Chu-Myong Seong, Soon Nam Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(6):370-373.   Published online December 31, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.6.370
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

FA (Fanconi's Anemia) is an autosomal recessive disorder that is characterized by pancytopenia with bone marrow hypoplasia, diverse congenital abnormalities and an increased predisposition towards malignancy. The mainstay of the treatment for these cancers has been surgery, because of the hypersensitive reactions of FA patients to DNA cross- linking agents or radiation. Therefore, there has been no effective therapy for advanced squa mous cell carcinoma. We report here on a patient suffering from advanced multiple squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma along with an FA, and this patient was treated with gefitinib.

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  • Oral Tongue Cancer in a Patient with Fanconi Anemia: A Case Report and Literature Review
    Siyao Deng, Wenjing Ye, Shichuan Zhang, Guiquan Zhu, Peng Zhang, Yanqiong Song, Fanglei Duan, Jinyi Lang, Shun Lu
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