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Breast cancer
Clinical Significance of Major Angiogenesis-Related Effectors in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer Treated with Trastuzumab-Based Regimens
Helen P. Kourea, Foteinos-Ioannis Dimitrakopoulos, Georgia-Angeliki Koliou, Anna Batistatou, Kyriaki Papadopoulou, Mattheos Bobos, Anthoula Asimaki-Vlachopoulou, Sofia Chrisafi, Kitty Pavlakis, Kyriakos Chatzopoulos, Eleni Galani, George Pentheroudakis, Dimitrios Pectasides, Dimitrios Bafaloukos, Eleni Res, Pavlos Papakostas, Angelos Koutras, Vassiliki Kotoula, George Fountzilas
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1053-1064.   Published online November 17, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.748
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Angiogenesis is a crucial phenomenon in the development and progression of breast cancer (BC), but the clinical significance of angiogenesis-related proteins in metastatic BC remains unknown. This study investigates the prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, 3 (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3) as well as vascular endothelial growth factors A and C (VEGFA and VEGFC) in metastatic BC patients treated with trastuzumab-based regimens.
Materials and Methods
Two hundred female patients were included. Protein and mRNA expression of the studied angiogenesis-related factors were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively.
Results
High expression of VEGFA, VEGFC, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in the tumor cells was observed in 43.5%, 24.2%, 36%, 29.5%, and 43%, respectively. Stromal elements expressed high levels of VEGFA, VEGFC, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 in 78.9%, 93.3%, 90.7%, 90.2%, and 74.8% of tumors with available data. High tumor cell expression of VEGFR1 was a favorable prognosticator for survival among patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive tumors (hazard ratio [HR], 0.55; p=0.013). A trend towards longer progression-free survival was detected univariately for patients with HER2-negative tumors and high expression of VEGFR2 (HR, 0.60; p=0.059).
Conclusion
VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 seem to have significant prognostic value in BC patients with metastatic disease treated with trastuzumab-based regimens.

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  • Apatinib beyond first progression is associated with prolonged overall survival in patients with advanced breast cancer: Results from an observational study
    Jing Wang, Jinghao Jia, Jingjing Liu, Xuemin Yao, Zhiyong Yuan
    Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 5,454 View
  • 110 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
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A Radiosensitivity Gene Signature and PD-L1 Status Predict Clinical Outcome of Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme in The Cancer Genome Atlas Dataset
Bum-Sup Jang, In Ah Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):530-542.   Published online November 20, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.440
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Combination of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade such as programmed death- 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade is being actively tested in clinical trial. We aimed to identify a subset of patients that could potentially benefit from this strategy using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset for glioblastoma (GBM).
Materials and Methods
A total of 399 cases were clustered into radiosensitive versus radioresistant (RR) groups based on a radiosensitivity gene signature and were also stratified as PD-L1 high versus PD-L1 low groups by expression of CD274 mRNA. Differential and integrated analyses with expression and methylation data were performed. CIBERSORT was used to enumerate the immune repertoire that resulted from transcriptome profiles.
Results
We identified a subset of GBM, PD-L1-high-RR group which showed worse survival compared to others. In PD-L1-high-RR, differentially expressed genes (DEG) were highly enriched for immune response and mapped into activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase–AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Integration of DEG and differentially methylated region identified that the kinase MAP3K8-involved in T-cell receptor signaling was upregulated and BAI1, a factor which inhibits angiogenesis, was silenced. CIBERSORT showed that a higher infiltration of the immune repertoire, which included M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells.
Conclusion
Taken together, PD-L1-high-RR group could potentially benefit from radiotherapy combined with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and angiogenesis inhibition.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Clinical Biomarkers of Tumour Radiosensitivity and Predicting Benefit from Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review
    Christopher W. Bleaney, Hebatalla Abdelaal, Mark Reardon, Carmel Anandadas, Peter Hoskin, Ananya Choudhury, Laura Forker
    Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1942.     CrossRef
  • A retrospective cohort study of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in locally advanced rectal cancer
    Zhuo Chen, Zhuoling Zou, Min Qian, Qin Xu, Guojuan Xue, Juan Yang, Tinglan Luo, Lianjie Hu, Bin Wang
    Translational Oncology.2024; 44: 101955.     CrossRef
  • Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives
    Hao Lin, Chaxian Liu, Ankang Hu, Duanwu Zhang, Hui Yang, Ying Mao
    Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ren Liu, Xiaojing Wang, Min Zhou, Jingfang Zhai, Jie Sun
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 180: 117491.     CrossRef
  • Bladder Cancer Treatments in the Age of Personalized Medicine: A Comprehensive Review of Potential Radiosensitivity Biomarkers
    Charbel Feghaly, Rafka Challita, Hanine Bou Hadir, Tala Mobayed, Tarek Al Bitar, Mohammad Harbi, Hala Ghorayeb, Rana El-Hassan, Larry Bodgi
    Biomarker Insights.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Improving the efficacy of combined radiotherapy and immunotherapy: focusing on the effects of radiosensitivity
    Zhiru Gao, Qian Zhao, Yiyue Xu, Linlin Wang
    Radiation Oncology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • In Vivo Evaluation of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for TIM3 Targeting in Mouse Glioma
    Michael Zhang, Quan Zhou, Chinghsin Huang, Carmel T. Chan, Wei Wu, Gordon Li, Michael Lim, Sanjiv S. Gambhir, Heike E. Daldrup-Link
    Molecular Imaging and Biology.2022; 24(2): 280.     CrossRef
  • Relationship between Macrophage and Radiosensitivity in Human Primary and Recurrent Glioblastoma: In Silico Analysis with Publicly Available Datasets
    Bum-Sup Jang, In Ah Kim
    Biomedicines.2022; 10(2): 292.     CrossRef
  • Optimal management of recurrent and metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Implications of intensity modulated radiation therapy
    Mi Sun Kim, Woong Sub Koom, Jae Ho Cho, Se-Young Kim, Ik Jae Lee
    Radiation Oncology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Translational landscape of glioblastoma immunotherapy for physicians: guiding clinical practice with basic scientific evidence
    Daniel Kreatsoulas, Chelsea Bolyard, Bill X. Wu, Hakan Cam, Pierre Giglio, Zihai Li
    Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Next Frontier in Health Disparities—A Closer Look at Exploring Sex Differences in Glioma Data and Omics Analysis, from Bench to Bedside and Back
    Maria Diaz Rosario, Harpreet Kaur, Erdal Tasci, Uma Shankavaram, Mary Sproull, Ying Zhuge, Kevin Camphausen, Andra Krauze
    Biomolecules.2022; 12(9): 1203.     CrossRef
  • Immunosuppression in Gliomas via PD-1/PD-L1 Axis and Adenosine Pathway
    Thamiris Becker Scheffel, Nathália Grave, Pedro Vargas, Fernando Mendonça Diz, Liliana Rockenbach, Fernanda Bueno Morrone
    Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Combination of Radiotherapy With Immunotherapy and Potential Predictive Biomarkers for Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
    Lu Meng, Jianfang Xu, Ying Ye, Yingying Wang, Shilan Luo, Xiaomei Gong
    Frontiers in Immunology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Explore association of genes in PDL1/PD1 pathway to radiotherapy survival benefit based on interaction model strategy
    Junjie Shen, Jingfang Liu, Huijun Li, Lu Bai, Zixuan Du, Ruirui Geng, Jianping Cao, Peng Sun, Zaixiang Tang
    Radiation Oncology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Combination of Radiosensitivity Gene Signature and PD-L1 Status Predicts Clinical Outcome of Patients With Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Study Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas Dataset
    Dongjun Dai, Yinglu Guo, Yongjie Shui, Jinfan Li, Biao Jiang, Qichun Wei
    Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Prognostic Values of Radiosensitivity Genes and CD19 Status in Gastric Cancer: A Retrospective Study Using TCGA Database


    Li-Bo Liang, Xin-Yan Huang, He He, Ji-Yan Liu
    Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine.2020; Volume 13: 365.     CrossRef
  • Gene signature based on B cell predicts clinical outcome of radiotherapy and immunotherapy for patients with lung adenocarcinoma
    Linzhi Han, Hongjie Shi, Yuan Luo, Wenjie Sun, Shuying Li, Nannan Zhang, Xueping Jiang, Yan Gong, Conghua Xie
    Cancer Medicine.2020; 9(24): 9581.     CrossRef
  • 7,759 View
  • 261 Download
  • 19 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
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Apatinib Combined with Local Irradiation Leads to Systemic Tumor Control via Reversal of Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment in Lung Cancer
Li-jun Liang, Chen-xi Hu, Yi-xuan Wen, Xiao-wei Geng, Ting Chen, Guo-qing Gu, Lei Wang, You-you Xia, Yong Liu, Jia-yan Fei, Jie Dong, Feng-hua Zhao, Yiliyar Ahongjiang, Kai-yuan Hui, Xiao-dong Jiang
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):406-418.   Published online September 3, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.296
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the potential systemic antitumor effects of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) and apatinib (a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor) via reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment for lung carcinoma.
Materials and Methods
Lewis lung cancer cells were injected into C57BL/6 mice in the left hindlimb (primary tumor; irradiated) and in the right flank (secondary tumor; nonirradiated). When both tumors grew to the touchable size, mice were randomly divided into eight treatment groups. These groups received normal saline or three distinct doses of apatinib (50 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 200 mg/kg) daily for 7 days, in combination with a single dose of 15 Gy radiotherapy or not to the primary tumor. The further tumor growth/regression of mice were followed and observed.
Results
For the single 15 Gy modality, tumor growth delay could only be observed at the primary tumor. When combining SABR and apatinib 200 mg/kg, significant retardation of both primary and secondary tumor growth could be observed, indicated an abscopal effect was induced. Mechanism analysis suggested that programmed death-ligand 1 expression increased with SABR was counteract by additional apatinib therapy. Furthermore, when apatinib was combined with SABR, the composition of immune cells could be changed. More importantly, this two-pronged approach evoked tumor antigen–specific immune responses and the mice were resistant to another tumor rechallenge, finally, long-term survival was improved.
Conclusion
Our results suggested that the tumor microenvironment could be managed with apatinib, which was effective in eliciting an abscopal effect induced by SABR.

Citations

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  • 9 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
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Review Article
Anti-angiogenic Therapy in Patients with Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: A Systematic Review
Li-Tzong Chen, Do-Youn Oh, Min-Hee Ryu, Kun-Huei Yeh, Winnie Yeo, Roberto Carlesi, Rebecca Cheng, Jongseok Kim, Mauro Orlando, Yoon-Koo Kang
Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):851-868.   Published online January 3, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.176
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Despite advancements in therapy for advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers, their prognosis remains dismal. Tumor angiogenesis plays a key role in cancer growth and metastasis, and recent studies indicate that pharmacologic blockade of angiogenesis is a promising approach to therapy. In this systematic review, we summarize current literature on the clinical benefit of anti-angiogenic agents in advanced gastric cancer. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed and conference proceedings including the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the European Society for Medical Oncology, and the European Cancer Congress. Included studies aimed to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of anti-angiogenic agents in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer. Each trial investigated at least one of the following endpoints: overall survival, progression-free survival/time to progression, and/or objective response rate. Our search yielded 139 publications. Forty-two met the predefined inclusion criteria. Included studies reported outcomes with apatinib, axitinib, bevacizumab, orantinib, pazopanib, ramucirumab, regorafenib, sorafenib, sunitinib, telatinib, and vandetanib. Second-line therapy with ramucirumab and third-line therapy with apatinib are the only anti-angiogenic agents so far shown to significantly improve survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Overall, agents that specifically target the vascular endothelial growth factor ligand or receptor have better safety profile compared to multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

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Original Articles
Forkhead Transcription Factor FOXO1 Inhibits Angiogenesis in Gastric Cancer in Relation to SIRT1
Sue Youn Kim, Young San Ko, Jinju Park, Yiseul Choi, Jong-Wan Park, Younghoon Kim, Jung-Soo Pyo, Young Bok Yoo, Jae-Seon Lee, Byung Lan Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):345-354.   Published online March 3, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.247
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We previously reported that forkhead transcription factors of the O class 1 (FOXO1) expression in gastric cancer (GC) was associated with angiogenesis-related molecules. However, there is little experimental evidence for the direct role of FOXO1 in GC. In the present study, we investigated the effect of FOXO1 on the tumorigenesis and angiogenesis in GC and its relationship with SIRT1.
Materials and Methods
Stable GC cell lines (SNU-638 and SNU-601) infected with a lentivirus containing FOXO1 shRNA were established for animal studies as well as cell culture experiments. We used xenograft tumors in nude mice to evaluate the effect of FOXO1 silencing on tumor growth and angiogenesis. In addition, we examined the association between FOXO1 and SIRT1 by immunohistochemical tissue array analysis of 471 human GC specimens and Western blot analysis of xenografted tumor tissues.
Results
In cell culture, FOXO1 silencing enhanced hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression and GC cell growth under hypoxic conditions, but not under normoxic conditions. The xenograft study showed that FOXO1 downregulation enhanced tumor growth, microvessel areas, HIF-1α activation and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. In addition, inactivated FOXO1 expression was associated with SIRT1 expression in human GC tissues and xenograft tumor tissues.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that FOXO1 inhibits GC growth and angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions via inactivation of the HIF-1α–VEGF pathway, possibly in association with SIRT1. Thus, development of treatment modalities aiming at this pathway might be useful for treating GC.

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Modest Anti-Cancer Activity of a Bile Acid Acylated Heparin Derivative in a PC14PE6 Induced Orthotopic Lung Cancer Model
Zheng Yun Cui, Min Jae Park, Jeeyun Lee, Jin Seok Ahn, Myung Ju Ahn, Soo Won Seo, Jin Woo Park, Youngro Byun, Keunchil Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(2):80-86.   Published online June 30, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.2.80
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

A novel chemically modified heparin derivative, heparin-deoxycholic acid nano-particles, has lower anticoagulant activity, and was recently reported to have significant anti-tumor effects on squamous head and neck cancer cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumor effects of heparin-deoxycholic acid nano-particles in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.

Materials and Methods

An orthotopic lung cancer model in 16 mice was developed using intra-thoracic injections of 0.5×106 PC14PE6 cells. Ten days after inoculation, the mice were divided into two groups. PBS and Heparin-DOCA particles were injected once a day every 3 days in the tail vein, for a total of 5 injections. The body weight and survival of each mouse were monitored and the tumor size in the lung was measured by SPECT-CT before and after heparin-DOCA nano-particle treatment.

Results

IThe HD particles had no significant cytotoxicity when the PC9 cells were treated in vitro. There was no statistical difference in tumor size, body weight and survival between the HD treated and control groups in vivo. Furthermore, there was no difference in the amount of CD31 between tumor tissues in the two study groups.

Conclusion

HD synthesized with unfractionated heparin had no apparent inhibitory effects on tumor growth in a PC14PE6 cell induced orthotopic lung cancer mouse model. The HD particles did not significantly inhibit tumor-induced angiogenesis at the tumor sites.

Citations

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Clinical Significance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VEGF)-C and -D in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Yoon Ho Ko, Chan-Kwon Jung, Myung-Ah Lee, Jae Ho Byun, Jin Hyoung Kang, Kyo Young Lee, Keon Hyun Jo, Young Pil Wang, Young Seon Hong
Cancer Res Treat. 2008;40(3):133-140.   Published online September 30, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2008.40.3.133
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

Lymphatic spread of tumor is an important prognostic factor for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D play important roles in lymphangiogenesis via the VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3). We sought to determine whether VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 are involved in the clinical outcomes of patients with resected NSCLC.

Materials and Methods

Using immunohistochemical staining, we investigated the protein expressions of VEGF-C, VEGF-D and VEGFR-3 in the tissue array specimens from patients who underwent resection for NSCLC. The immunoreactivity for p53 was also examined. The clinicopathological implications of these molecules were statistically analyzed.

Results

Analysis of a total of 118 specimens showed that VEGF-C, VEGF-D and their co-expression were significantly associated with more advanced regional lymph node metastasis (p=0.019, p=0.044 and p=0.026, respectively, N2 versus N0 and N1). A VEGFR-3 expression had a strong correlation with peritumoral lymphatic invasion (p=0.047). On the multivariate analysis for survival and recurrence, pathologic N2 lymph node metastasis was the only independent prognostic factor, but none of the investigated molecules showed any statistical correlation with recurrence and survival.

Conclusions

The present study revealed that high expressions of VEGF-C and VEGF-D were strongly associated with more advanced regional lymph node metastasis in patients with resected NSCLC.

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Review Articles
Improving Conventional or Low Dose Metronomic Chemotherapy with Targeted Antiangiogenic Drugs
Robert S. Kerbel
Cancer Res Treat. 2007;39(4):150-159.   Published online December 31, 2007
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2007.39.4.150
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

One of the most significant developments in medical oncology practice has been the approval of various antiangiogenic drugs for the treatment of a number of different malignancies. These drugs include bevacizumab (Avastin®), the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody. Thus far, bevacizumab appears to induce clinical benefit in patients who have advanced metastatic disease only or primarily when it is combined with conventional chemotherapy. The reasons for the chemo-enhancing effects of bevacizumab are unknown, and this is a subject that we have been actively studying along with additional ways that antiangiogenic drugs may be combined with chemotherapy. In this respect, we have focused much of our effort on metronomic low dose chemotherapy. We have been studying the hypothesis that some chemotherapy drugs at maximum tolerated doses or other cytotoxic- like drugs such as acute "vascular disrupting agents" (VDAs) can cause an acute mobilization of proangiogenic cells from the bone marrow which home to and colonize the treated tumors, thus accelerating their recovery. These cells include endothelial progenitor cells. This systemic process can be largely blocked by a targeted antiangiogenic drug, e.g. anti-VEGFR-2 antibodies. In addition, metronomic chemotherapy, i.e., close regular administration of chemotherapy drugs at low non-toxic doses with no breaks, over prolonged periods of time not only prevents the acute CEP bone marrow response, but can even target the cells. This potential antiangiogenic effect of metronomic chemotherapy can also be boosted by combination with a targeted antiangiogenic agent. Treatment combinations of metronomic chemotherapy and an antiangiogenic drug have moved into phase II clinical trial testing with particularly encouraging results thus far reported in metastatic breast and recurrent ovarian cancer. Oral chemotherapy drugs such as cyclophosphamide (CTX), methotrexate are the main chemotherapeutics used for such trials. Oral 5-FU prodrugs such as UFT would also appear to be highly suitable based on long term adjuvant therapy studies in patients. Recent preclinical results using metronomic cyclophosphamide and metronomic UFT in models of advanced metastatic breast cancer suggest that this type of combination might be particularly promising for metronomic chemotherapy in this indication, particularly when combined with a targeted antiangiogenic drug.

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Tumor Angiogenesis: Initiation and Targeting - Therapeutic Targeting of an FGF-Binding Protein, an Angiogenic Switch Molecule, and Indicator of Early Stages of Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinomas -
Elena Tassi, Anton Wellstein
Cancer Res Treat. 2006;38(4):189-197.   Published online December 31, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2006.38.4.189
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Tumor angiogenesis has been related to the initiation as well as progression toward more aggressive behavior of human tumors. In particular, the activity of angiogenic factors is crucial for tumor progression. We previously characterized a secreted fibroblast growth factor-binding protein (FGF-BP) as a chaperone molecule, which binds to various FGFs, enhances FGF-mediated biochemical and biologic events and importantly is a crucial rate-limiting factor for tumor-dependent angiogenesis. We generated monoclonal antibodies that target FGF-BP protein and used them as a tool to evaluate frequency and pattern of FGF-BP expression during the malignant progression of pancreas and colorectal carcinoma in archival tissue samples. We found that FGF-BP is dramatically upregulated during the initiation of colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Crucial genetic events underlying the initiation and progression of colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinoma with a particular focus on the modulation of angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapies are discussed. We propose that the upregulation of the secreted FGF-BP protein during early phases of pancreas and colon cancer could make this protein a possible serum marker indicating the presence of high-risk premalignant lesions. Furthermore, the biological activity of FGF-BP is neutralized by monoclonal antibodies suggesting the potential for antibody-based therapeutic targeting.

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HIF-1α: a Valid Therapeutic Target for Tumor Therapy
Soon-Sun Hong, Hyunseung Lee, Kyu-Won Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(6):343-353.   Published online December 31, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.6.343
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Hypoxia plays a major role in the induction of angiogenesis during tumor development. One mechanism by which tumor cells respond to a reduced oxygen level is via the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 is an oxygen-dependent transcriptional activator that plays crucial roles in the angiogenesis of tumors and mammalian development. HIF-1 consists of a constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit and the highly regulated HIF-1α subunits. The stability and activity of HIF-1α are regulated by various post-translational modifications, hydroxylation, acetylation, phosphorylation and sumoyaltion. Therefore, HIF-1α interacts with several protein factors including PHD, pVHL, ARD-1, SUMO and p300/CBP. Under normoxia, the HIF-1α subunit is rapidly degraded via the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product (pVHL)-mediated ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. The association of pVHL and HIF-1α under normoxic conditions is triggered by the hydroxylation of prolines and the acetylation of lysine within a polypeptide segment known as the oxygen-dependent degradation (ODD) domain. On the contrary, under the hypoxia condition, the HIF-1α subunit becomes stable and interacts with coactivators such as p300/CBP to modulate its transcriptional activity. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1 eventually acts as a master regulator of numerous hypoxia-inducible genes. The target genes of HIF-1 are especially related to angiogenesis, cell proliferation and survival, and to glucose and iron metabolism. Moreover, it was reported that the activation of HIF-1α is closely associated with a variety of tumors and oncogenic pathways. Hence, the blocking of HIF-1α itself or the blocking of HIF-1α interacting proteins inhibits tumor growth. Based on these findings, HIF-1 can be a prime target for anticancer therapies. Therefore, this review summarizes the molecular mechanism of HIF-1α stability, the biological functions of HIF-1 and its potential applications for cancer therapies.

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Original Articles
Clinical Value of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Human Breast Carcinoma
Jin-Hee Ahn, Sung-Bae Kim, Sei-Hyun Ahn, Gyung-Yub Gong, Myung-Ju Ahn, Yoon-Koo Kang, Jung-Shin Lee, Woo Kun Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(3):192-198.   Published online June 30, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.3.192
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

To determine whether COX-2 expression is associated with clinicopathological parameters, including c-erb-B2 overexpression and angiogenesis, and the disease-free survival of patients with operable breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were selected from 205 patients surgically resected for breast cancer, between 1991 and 1997, and followed-up for at least 4 years. Samples were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to COX-2, c-erb-B2 and CD34.

Results

COX-2 and c-erb-B2 expressions were detected in 118/205 (57.6%) and 58/205 (28.3%) patients, respectively. COX-2 expression was significantly higher in c-erb-B2 positive than c-erb-B2 negative tumors (75.9% vs. 49.7%, p-value 0.001). COX-2 expression was positively correlated with microvessel count (13.3±8.0 vs. 6.6±7.0, p-value 0.050), but not with other clinicopathological characteristics, including tumor size, involved axil lary lymph nodes and estrogen or progesterone receptor status. Although COX-2 expression itself was not a prognostic marker, breast cancer patients with tumors that co-expressed both COX-2 and c-erb-B2 had a poorer 5-year disease-free survival rate than those that did not (60.2% vs. 78.3%, p-value 0.0527).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that COX-2 expression occurs frequently in c-erb-B2 positive breast cancer, and co-expression of COX-2 and c-erb-B2 may be a useful prognostic marker in patients with operable breast cancer.

Citations

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  • The Role of Immunohistochemical Biomarkers as Prognostic Factors by the Use of a Tissue Microarray in Breast Cancer Patients Under 45-years-old
    Eun Seog Kim, Doo Ho Choi, So Young Jin, Dong Wha Lee, Hee Sook Park, Min Hyuk Lee, Jong Ho Won, Yong Ho Kim, Kyu Taek Lee, Sung Yong Kim
    The Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.2008; 26(1): 45.     CrossRef
  • Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Breast Cancer: Relationship with HER-2/neu and other Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors
    Eunmi Nam, Soon Nam Lee, Seock-Ah Im, Do-Yeun Kim, Kyoung Eun Lee, Sun Hee Sung
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2005; 37(3): 165.     CrossRef
  • Cyclooxygenase-2: A Potential Target in Human Cancer
    Jong-Ho Won
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2004; 36(3): 161.     CrossRef
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Relationship between PTEN and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Mee Sook Roh, Jae Ik Lee, Doo Kyung Yang, Soo Keol Lee, Hyuk Chan Kwon, Mi Kyoung Park, Ki Baek Hwang, Jin A Jung
Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35(5):445-450.   Published online October 31, 2003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2003.35.5.445
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
This study was performed to determine the relationship between PTEN and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and to assess their roles in the tumor-induced angiogenesis and tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, from 96 patients diagnosed with NSCLC, were evaluated for VEGF and PTEN expression using immunohistochemical methods. The results of the expression pattern of VEGF alone, or in combination with PTEN expression, were compared with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS: VEGF expression was seen in 54 (56.3%) of the 96 NSCLCs evaluated, and was significantly correlated with histological type, and seen more frequently in adenocarcinomas compared to the other histological types (p<0.05). There were no significant associations between VEGF expression and tumor size, lymph node metastasis and stage. The microvessel density (MVD) determined by CD34 staining were significantly higher in tumors with VEGF expression (62.9+/-21.8) than those without (55.1+/-15.1). Loss of PTEN expression was seen in 33 (34.4%) of the 96 NSCLCs evaluated. VEGF expression was more frequently detected in the tumors with loss of PTEN expression (69.7%) than in those with PTEN expression (49.2%). When the combined VEGF/ PTEN phenotypes were divide into two groups; group I (VEGF-/PTEN+) and group II (VEGF-/ PTEN-, VEGF+/PTEN+, VEGF+/PTEN-), a significant correlation was also seen between the groups and the histologic types. There was a trend for the tumors in group II to show more frequent lymph node metastasis (50.0%) than those in group I (31.5%), although there was no statistical significance. The MVDs were significantly higher in group II (63.1+/-20.7) than in group I (53.4+/-17.2). CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate an inverse correlation between the expressions of PTEN and VEGF. It is possible that PTEN may repress VEGF expression, and modulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis, which suggests further analysis of the complex phenomenon of neo-angiogenesis in NSCLC is essential.

Citations

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  • Molecular and biological characterization of hepatitis B virus subgenotype F1b clusters: Unraveling its role in hepatocarcinogenesis
    María Mercedes Elizalde, Laura Mojsiejczuk, Micaela Speroni, Belén Bouzas, Luciana Tadey, Lilia Mammana, Rodolfo Héctor Campos, Diego Martín Flichman
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • KRAS mutant lung cancer cells are differentially responsive to MEK inhibitor due to AKT or STAT3 activation: Implication for combinatorial approach
    Young‐Kwang Yoon, Hwang‐Phill Kim, Sae‐Won Han, Do Youn Oh, Seock‐Ah Im, Yung‐Jue Bang, Tae‐You Kim
    Molecular Carcinogenesis.2010; 49(4): 353.     CrossRef
  • Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Reconstruction and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Knockdown Synergistically Inhibit the Growth of Glioblastoma
    Hongbo Chen, Xiaomeng Shen, Caiping Guo, Huijun Zhu, Lanzhen Zhou, Yongqiang Zhu, Huixia Wang, Yi Zheng, Laiqiang Huang
    Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals.2010; 25(6): 713.     CrossRef
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Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Tumor Microvessel Density in Colorectal Cancer
Seoung Wan Chae, Jin Hee Sohn, Eo Jin Kim, Eun Yoon Cho, Bong Hwa Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35(5):400-406.   Published online October 31, 2003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2003.35.5.400
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
The increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 has been implicated in the development and progression of human cancer. This study investigated the COX-2 expression in colorectal cancer, and its relationships with tumor angiogenesis and the clinicopathological factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of the COX-2 protein and microvessel density were evaluated, using immunohistochemical methods, in 21 normal colonic mucosa and 190 human colorectal carcinomas. Correlations between COX-2 expression and microvessel density, as well as various clinicopathological factors, were studied in colorectal carcinomas. RESULTS: The COX-2 protein expression in epithelial cells was increased in 169 of the 190 adenocarcinoma cases (88.9%), but in only 1 of the 21 (4.8%) normal mucosa cases. The COX-2 expression was significantly increased in the differentiated compared with the undifferentiated colorectal carcinomas (p<0.05), and significantly correlated with the depth of invasion and microvessel density (p<0.05). Rectal cancers had more COX-2 positive cases than the colon cancers (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the tumor size and the presence of lymphatic or vascular invasion. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal carcinomas seems to play a role in the invasion and angiogenesis of the tumors, so may be a useful marker of the prognosis. The prominent expression was also demonstrated in differentiated colorectal cancers.

Citations

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  • Expression of Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as a Prognostic Factor in Nasopharyngeal Cancer
    Kyubo Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Suk Won Park, Chong Jai Kim, Charn Il Park
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2004; 36(3): 187.     CrossRef
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Prognostic Effect of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinoma
Myoung Im Kim, Si Young Kim, Jae Jin Lee, Hwi Joong Yoon, Yoon Wha Kim, Kyung Sam Cho
Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35(3):218-223.   Published online June 30, 2003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2003.35.3.218
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Many studies have shown that angiogenesis has an important role in the growth, progression, and metastasis of solid tumors. Recently, several angiogenic factors have been identified. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well characterized inducer of angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the prognostic significance of the expression of VEGF in patients with an advanced gastric carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Specimens from 54 gastric adenocarcinoma patients were stained using a polyclonal antibody against VEGF. Correlations of the expression of VEGF, microvessel density, and various other clinicopathological factors were analysed. RESULTS: Seventeen (31.5%) and 37 cases (68.5%) were VEGF-negative and positive, respectively. There was significant correlation between the expression of VEGF and pathological differentiation. There were no significant correlations between the expression of VEGF, stage and recurrence of a gastric carcinoma. The microvessel density was significantly higher in the VEGF-positive than the VEGF-negative tumors. Survivals of the VEGF-negative patients were significantly prolonged compared to those of the VEGF-positive patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the expression of VEGF may be a useful prognostic factor for patients with a gastric adenocarcinoma.

Citations

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  • RETRACTED ARTICLE: KRAS activation in gastric cancer stem-like cells promotes tumor angiogenesis and metastasis
    Changhwan Yoon, Jun Lu, Yukyung Jun, Yun-Suhk Suh, Bang-Jin Kim, Jacob E. Till, Jong Hyun Kim, Sara H. Keshavjee, Sandra Ryeom, Sam S. Yoon
    BMC Cancer.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphisms Associated with Prognosis for Patients with Colorectal Cancer
    Jong Gwang Kim, Yee Soo Chae, Sang Kyun Sohn, Yoon Young Cho, Joon Ho Moon, Jae Yong Park, Seoung Woo Jeon, In Taek Lee, Gyu Seog Choi, Soo-Han Jun
    Clinical Cancer Research.2008; 14(1): 62.     CrossRef
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Suppression of Peritoneal Metastases by Expression of Murine Endostatin cDNA
Seung Ho Choi, Jae Hoon Lee, Sung Hee Hong, Woo Jin Hyung, Sung Hoon Noh, Hyun Cheol Chung, Jae Kyung Roh, Jin Sik Min
Cancer Res Treat. 2002;34(4):302-307.   Published online August 31, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2002.34.4.302
AbstractAbstract PDF
Peritoneal seeding is one of problems to be solved in gastrointestinal and ovarian cancers. Angiogenesis is the critical step for a dormancy tumor cluster to be an overt metastatic nodule. However, whether an anti-angiogenesis strategy is effective in the control of peritoneal metastases is still obscure. In this study, we evaluated whether endostatin, an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor, suppresses peritoneal metastases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We transduced a human gastric cancer cell line, AGS and a murine renal cancer cell line, Renca, with the plasmid pEndoSTHB, which encodes a secretable form of murine endostatin. Endostatin expression was tested with western blotting, and the biological activity of the secreted endostatin was confirmed with in vitro endothelial cell growth inhibition. In the animal experiments, stable transfectants were injected intraperitoneally.
RESULTS
We demonstrated secretion of endostatin from two cell lines transduced with the plasmid pEndoSTHB. Conditioned media secreted from pEndoSTSB-transduced mammalian cells were shown to potently inhibit endothelial cell growth in vitro. We selected stable transfectants with similar in vitro growth rates of their parental cell lines. Significant tumor growth inhibition was observed in the endostatin-expressing Renca cells intraperitoneal injection group at days of 28, compared to the null transfectants intraperitoneal injection control group.
CONCLUSION
These results support that peritoneal seeding is angiogenesis-dependant and an anti-angiogenesis strategy is a good way to control peritoneal metastases.

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  • The kringle domain of tissue-type plasminogen activator inhibits in vivo tumor growth
    Byoung-Shik Shim, Byoung-Hak Kang, Yong-Kil Hong, Hyun-Kyung Kim, Il-Ha Lee, Soo-Young Lee, Young-Joon Lee, Suk-Keun Lee, Young Ae Joe
    Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2005; 327(4): 1155.     CrossRef
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Correlation of Mast Cell Densities, Angiogenesis and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Proper Muscle Gastric Carcinomas
Eun Sook Nam, Duck Hwan Kim, Gi Taek Jang, Hae Rim Park, Jeong Rye Kim, Hyung Sik Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2002;34(1):41-45.   Published online February 28, 2002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2002.34.1.41
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
There are increasing evidences that angiogenesis enhances tumor growth and biological aggressiveness in gastric carcinoma. Mast cells have been implicated in the angiogenic process, by secreting angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), or enzymes that degrade extracellular matrices. However, the exact nature of mast cells in relation to cancer is contradictory so we conducted retrospective studies, to find the significance of mast cell densities, and microvessel counts in each clinicopathologic factors, including VEGF expression, in proper muscle (PM) gastric carcinoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
52 specimens, obtained from patients with PM gastric carcinoma, were studied using the immunohistochemical methods, monoclonal antibodies for mast cell tryptase, factor VIII-related antigen and VEGF.
RESULTS
Mast cell densities were significantly increased in diffuse histologic type (p=0.042), infiltrating margins (p<0.0001) and VEGF positive (p=0.010) tumors.Microvessel counts were significantly higher in patients over 55 years old (p=0.024), with tumor sizes larger than >3 cm (p=0.015), diffuse histologic type (p=0.038) and lymph node metastasis (p=0.001). Similarly there were significantly increased densities in VEGF positive tumors (p<0.0001). Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between mast cell densities and microvessel counts (r=0.614, p<0.01), indicating a high vascular grade with increased number of mast cells.
CONCLUSION
We demonstrated a close relationship between mast cell densities, microvessel counts and VEGF expression. These results suggest that mast cells and VEGF are important regulators of tumor angiogenesis and cooperatively induce the formation of vascular stroma in PM gastric carcinomas.

Citations

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  • Mast Cells Density Positive to Tryptase Correlate with Microvascular Density in both Primary Gastric Cancer Tissue and Loco-Regional Lymph Node Metastases from Patients That Have Undergone Radical Surgery
    Michele Ammendola, Rosario Sacco, Valeria Zuccalà, Maria Luposella, Rosa Patruno, Pietro Gadaleta, Nicola Zizzo, Cosmo Gadaleta, Giovambattista De Sarro, Giuseppe Sammarco, Mihai Oltean, Girolamo Ranieri
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2016; 17(11): 1905.     CrossRef
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Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Breast Carcinoma: Relevance to Tumor Angiogenesis and Expression of Estrogen Receptor
Haeng Ji Kang, Gu Gong, Se Jin Jang, Pa Jong Jung, Chan Kum Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(4):286-295.   Published online August 31, 2001
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.4.286
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
This study investigates the COX-2 expression in human primary breast carcinomas and its relationship with both angiogenesis and the expression of estrogen receptor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
COX-2 expression, angiogenesis, and estrogen receptor expression were examined by immunohistochemical methods in 167 human breast carcinomas by using monoclonal antibodies against COX-2, CD34, and estrogen receptor protein.
RESULTS
Although COX-2 was expressed in 77.8% of the breast carcinomas (130/167) regardless of histological types, it was not detected at all in benign epithelial cells. Interestingly, COX-2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis (p=0.004), but not with estrogen receptor and other histopathologic parameters.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that COX-2 expression occurs frequently in breast tissue during transformation of benign epithelial cells to malignant cells regardless of the estrogen receptor status. COX-2 expression may play a role in tumor angiogenesis that is responsible for tumor growth and metastasis.

Citations

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  • Hormone Receptor Signaling and Breast Cancer Resistance to Anti-Tumor Immunity
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    Antonio Carlos de Freitas, Eliane Campos Coimbra, Maria da Conceição Gomes Leitão
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  • Clinicopathologic Implications of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Cyclooxygenase 2 Expression, and Human Papillomavirus Status in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix in the Elderly
    Giovanna Giordano, Tiziana D’Adda, Barbara Dal Bello, Francesca Brigati, Alessandra Bersiga, Nicoletta Campanini, Roberto Berretta, Alba Rocco, Carla Merisio
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  • Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Breast Cancer: Relationship with HER-2/neu and other Clinicopathological Prognostic Factors
    Eunmi Nam, Soon Nam Lee, Seock-Ah Im, Do-Yeun Kim, Kyoung Eun Lee, Sun Hee Sung
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The Role of Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-C in Early Gastric Cancer
Jeong Hwan Yook, Shoji Natsugoe, Xiangming Che, Sumiya Ishigami, Shuichi Hokita, Masamichi Baba, Sonshin Takao, Aikou Takashi
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2001;33(2):93-98.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Tumor spread is mainly dependent on both hematogenous and lymphogeneous systems, and recently, several angiogenic factors have been identified. In the present study, we investigated whether the expressions of VEGF-A and -C are related with angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 97 specimens btained from patients with early gastric cancer were studied by immunohistochemical methods using anti- VEGF-A and -C polyclonal antibodies, anti-Factor VIII- related antigen antibody, and anti-p53 antibody.
RESULTS
The percentage of the positive expressions of VEGF-A and -C were 24.7% (24/97) and 25.7% (25/97), respectively. Significant differences were found between the expression of VEGF-A and lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis, and between expression of VEGF-C and gross type, lymphatic invasion, and lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). The mean microvessel counts in VEGF-A and -C positive tumors were significantly higher than those in VEGF-A and -C negative tumors (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, tumor size, lymphatic invasion and VEGF-C were identified as independent factors related to lymph node metastasis (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
The expressions of VEGF-A and -C were found to be related to angiogenic activity and VEGF-C expression correlated significantly with lymph node metastasis. The determination of VEGF-C expression may be helpful for predicting lymph node metastases in early gastric cancer, and further studies involving many specimens are warranted.
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Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Induced Invasive and Angiogenic Activities in Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Model
Joo Won Jeong, Tae Kwon Sohn, Dae Yeul Yu, Kyu Won Kim
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2001;33(1):49-55.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to play critical roles in the endothelial cell migration and matrix remodeling during angiogenic process. To investigate the roles of the membrane type MMP (MT1-MMP) by the matrix remodeling of endothelial cells, MT1-MMP expression vector was transfected into bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). Increased ex+pression of MT1-MMP in BAECs enhanced the activation of MMP-2, invasion and migration of BAECs. Moreover, the capacity of tube formation was increased by MT1-MMP transfectants. These observations indicate that MT1-MMP is involved in the angiogenic process of endothelial cells in vitro. In this study, we attempted these effects were confirmed in vivo system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, we used MT1- MMP or Antisense MT1-MMP stable transfectants in HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells. Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was used for the detection of angiogenesis in vivo and modified CAM assay for quantification of invasion of MT1-MMP transfected cells.
RESULTS
In CAM assay, the formation of microvessels was stimulated by MT1-MMP transfectants. Invasive capacity of HT1080 cells was also increased in a novel in vivo metastasis model, PCR based CAM assay.
CONCLUSION
These results identify the function of MT1- MMP during the neovascularization process.
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Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Expression in Early Gastric Carcinomas: Correlation with Clinicopathologic Factors
Young Sik Kim, Hyun Deuk Cho, Seong Hwan Park, Dae Won Kim, Dae Su Kim, Jong Sang Choi, Hwa Eun Oh
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(6):986-996.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Recent studies have demonstrated that angiogenesis and its inducers such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) play an important role in growth, progression, and metastasis in gastric carcinomas. In this study, the authors investigated the prognostic significance of angiogenesis, VEGF, bFGF with respect to conventional clinicopathologic factors in early gastric adenocarcinomas.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-six specimens resected from patients with early gastric carcinomas were investigated by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies against VEGF, bFGF, and CD31.
RESULTS
In this study, high expression rates of VEGF and bFGF as well as high level of angiogenesis were observed. In addition, the expression rate of VEGF was correlated well with angiogenesis. However, the clinicopathologic factors, such as age, sex, location, growth pattern, lymph node metastasis, submucosal invasion, and degree of differentiation, were not significantly associated with the expression of VEGF and bFGF, and angiogenesis.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that controlling angiogenesis and its inducers might be a therapeutic target rather than a prognostic factor in early gastric carcinomas.
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Antiangiogenesis Gene Therapy Using Adenovirus-mediated Antisense-VEGF in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Seock Ah Im, Jeong Soo Kim, Eunmi Nam, Soon Nam Lee
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(4):764-774.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major positive effector of angiogenesis. We investigated the mechanism of tumor growth inhibition by adenoviral transfer of antisense- VEGF in glioma and the role of VEGF for in vivo growth of human glioma cells according to the stage of the tumor growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Replication-deficient adenoviral vector containing the VEGF cDNA in an antisense orientation (Ad5CMV-alphaVEGF) were constructed to increase the in vivo applicability of antisense sequence. The effect of Ad5CMV-alphaVEGF was studied in vitro and in vivo with human glioma cell line U-87 MG. Immunohistochemical staining of the subcutaneous tumor with anti-VEGF antibody and CD34 antibody were performed to compare VEGF protein expression and the microvessel count respectively.
RESULTS
The growth curve of U-87 MG cells treated with Ad5CMV-alphaVEGF remained as same as that of mock-infected and Ad5(dl312)-infected U-87 MG cells in vitro, suggesting that Ad5CMV-alphaVEGF does not have direct cytotoxic effect. The growth of subcutaneous human glioma xenografts was inhibited by early intratumoral injection of Ad5CMV-alphaVEGF. Immuno histochemical staining of tumors showed that VEGF protein expression and mean microvessel counts were decreased in early Ad5CMV-alphaVEGF treatment group.
CONCLUSION
The efficient down-regulation of VEGF produced by tumor cells using Ad5CMV- alphaVEGF in early stage of glioma growth has an antitumor effect in vivo through antiangiogenic mechanism.
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Production of Soluble VEGF Receptor Mutants for Inhibition of Angiogenesis
Soo Young Yun, Yong Kil Hong, Yoon Lee, Kwangsei Kim, Hoon Kyo Kim, Young Ae Joe
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(3):595-604.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor of many solid tumors, promoting vascularization and formation of metastases. In an attempt to generate effective VEGF inhibitors, the authors constructed the VEGF receptor mutants, expressed in E. coli and Sf9 insect cells, and examined their binding to VEGF.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The cDNA fragment encoding FLT-1 extracellular domain was cloned from human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cell total RNA using RT-PCR. PCR- subcloning was performed using this template, in order to generate the deletion mutants by introducing FLT-1 partial sequences into E.coli expression vector pET-21d and baculovirus transfer vactors, pBAC-1 and pBAC-3. Two mutant proteins from baculovirus-infected insect cells were purified by heparin sepharose chromatography and immobilized into nitrdegrees Cellulose membrane followed by 125I-VEGF binding assay.
RESULTS
Two mutant receptors, sFLT (1~7) and sFLT (2~4) expressed in E.coli appeared in inclusion body as insoluble proteins. The soluble mutant receptors were produced in low yield by baculovirus/insect cell expression system. Both immobilized mutant receptors, sFLT (1~7) and sFLT (2~4) were able to bind VEGF.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that a small soluble mutant receptor, sFLT (2~4), as well as sFLT (1~7) may be used effectively for bldegrees Cking angiogenic function of VEGF.
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A Study for Correlation between Bone Marrow Micrometastases and Tumoric Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer
N S Choi, Y J Jaegal, J H Youn, C S Park
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(2):253-260.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Since some reports that tumoric angiogenesis in breast cancer is significantly correlated with the presence of local or distant metastases, many clinicians determined the tumoric angiogenesis just as one of the prognostic factors. However, a consistent role of tumoric angiogenesis in metastatic progression was not completely resolved yet. We tried to evaluate the direct relationship between tumoric angiogenesis and bone marrow micrometastases to reveal the actual contribution of tumoric angigenesis to systemic spread of cancer cells in breast cancer patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seventy patients with breast cancer who underwent curative surgical resection were included in this study. We observed the micrometastases in bone marrow with RT-PCR method targeting to mRNA for cytokeratin and tumoric angiogenesis with image analyzer technique followed by immunohistochemical staining to CD 34 from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens.
RESULTS
Incidence of bone marrow micrometastases was 17.1% (12/70) in surgically curable breast cancer patients. Possibility of bone marrow micrometastases tend to be increasing with an association of the presence of axillary lymph node invasion (P=0.03). High tumoric angiogenesis is associated with a high risk of bone marrow micrometastases (P=0.039).
CONCLUSION
High tumoric angiogenesis is necessary for bone marrow micrometastases but, not sufficient by itself. A further study may need to reveal other factors contributing the bone marrow spread of cancer cells, assoiciated with angiogenesis.
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Tumor Angiogenesis as a Predictor of Malignancy Potential and Prognosis in Gastric Carcinoma
Chang Wuk Kang, Hyung Ho Kim, Young Hoon Kim, Se Heon Cho, Sang Soon Kim, Mee Sook Roh, Suk Hee Hong, Choong Rak Kim
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(1):19-25.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
In order to evaluate the clinical relevance of angiogenesis in patients with gastric cancer, we investigated the microvessel count in gastric cancer tissues and compared the results with several clinicopathologic factors and prognosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 256 patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative surgery were included in this study. Microvessel count was determined by im-munohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibody against factor VIII-related antigen.
RESULTS
The statistical significance between the microvessel count and clinicopathologic factors (age, sex, tumor invasion, lymph node involvement, histologic type) was analized. The tumor stage and histologic type were correlated with microvessel count. And also there was statistical significance with survival rate and recurrence-free survival rate between high (microvessel count> or =42) and low angiogeneic group (microvessel count< 42). The Cox's proportional hazard model showed that stage, histologic type, angiogeneic score were one of the significant and independent prognostic variables.
CONCLUSION
The tumor angiogenesis of gastric carcinoma may be independent prognostic factor for predicting recurrence and survival.
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cDNA Cloning and Expression of Angiostatin, an Angiogenesis Inhibitor , from Human Liver Tissue mRNA
Myung Jin Park, Byung Gap Hwang, Young Sook Son, Dong Hee Yi, Seong Hoon Lee, Seok II Hong
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(6):1236-1245.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Angiostatin, a 38 kDa internal fragment of plasminogen, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. It blocks neovascularization and growth of primary and metastatic tumors in mice. To produce recombinant angiostatin protem comprising kringle 1-4 of plasminogen, we cloned the angiostatin cDNA from human liver tissue mRNA and expressed it in E. coli.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We cloned angiostatin cDNA from human liver tissue mRNA using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Cloned cDNA was ligated to pET22b (+) expression vector, transformed into E. coli stram BL21 (DE3) and expressed by IPTG induction. Recombinant human angiostatin protein was purified from the inclusion bodies of lysated bacterial pellet with 8 M urea solubilization, refolding, single step Lysine-Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography and 0.2 M E-aminocarproic acid elution. The anti-angiogenic activity of purified recombinant angiostatin was assayed with endothelial cell proliferation assay and chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM).
RESULTS
The identification of cloned angiostatin cDNA was confirmed by Southern hybridization and Pst I restriction enzyme digestion pattern. Angiostatin cDNA was expressed in E. coli, refolded in vitro and purified by Lysine Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of purified recombinant angiostatin was about 55 kDa on the SDS-PAGE. It inhibited the proliferation of bovine capillary endothelial (BCE) cells in vitro with a half-maximal inhibition concentration (ED50) of approximately 500 ng/mL. It also suppressed neovasculrization on the CAM assay.
CONCLUSION
These results demonstrated that recombinant human angiostatin has similar function and biological activity compared with human angiostatin which is purified from porcine elastase digested human plasminogen fragment.
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The Prognostic Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Expression and Angiogenesis in Curatively Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Soon Nam Lee
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(6):1210-1218.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Angiogenesis is an essential component of tumor growth and metastasis, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the important angiogenic factor. To evaluate the prognostic roles of angiogenesis and VEGF expression in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, the relationships between microvessel counts (MVC), VEGF expressions in tumor tissues, clinicopathologic features and overall survival were analysed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-seven patients with curatively resected non-small cell lung cancer were evaluated. Tumor tissues were stained by anti-CD34 and anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody using immunohistochemical method to assess MVC and VEGF expression and analysed the relationship of MVC, VEGF, and clinicopathologic findings.
RESULTS
Mean MVC of all tumor tissues was 33.89+/-24.12 and VEGF were expressed in 26 tissues (70%). There was no correlation between VEGF expression and MVC. Mean MVC was significantly higher in patients with recurrence than in those without recurrence (50.58+/-29.33 vs 19.5+/-11.7, p=0.004). There were no correlation between VEGF expression and clinicopathologic findings and overall survival. In univariate analysis, MVC (p=0.0431), lymph node involvement (p=0.0046), histologic type (squamous vs nonsquamous) (p=0.0072) were significant prognostic factors with respect to overall survival.
CONCLUSION
In patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent curative resectin of tumors, VEGF expression in tumor tissue was not correlated with MVC and survival. But MVC was correlated with tumor recurrence and survival, thus MVC may be used as one of prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Association of Tumor Angiogenesis with bcl - 2 Expression in Breast Cancer Patients
Do Yil Kim, Hy De Lee, Woo Hee Jung
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(6):1159-1167.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
To evaluate the prognostic significances of angiogenesis and bc1-2, and association of each other, we investigated the correlation of microvessel count for angiogenesis and bcl-2 expression in breast cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analysed immunohistochemistry staining from paraffin blocks in a series of 145 women with breast cancer. Immunohistochemical staining to detect factor VIII-related antigen highlighted the microvessels within primary invasive breast carcinoma. Using light microscopy, we counted microvessels per 200X field in the most active areas of neovascularization. To determine the bcl-2 immunoreactivity, we used a monoclonal antibody directed against the bcl-2 protein.
RESULTS
The median of microvessel count (MVC) was 31.5, and the proportions of tumors with low and high MVC were 51% and 49%. Eighty (55.2%) cancers showed the bcl-2 immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm. The microvessel count were correlated with lymph node status (p <0.001), tumor size (p=0.001), and lymphatic invasion around tumor (p=0.009). bcl-2 expressions were corelated with estrogen receptor positivity (p<0.001) and progesterone recepter positivity (p=0.029). The microvessel counts were negatively correlated with bcl-2 expression (p=0.006).
CONCLUSION
This study suggest that the angiogenesis which was investigated by micro- vessel counts was negatively correlated with bcl-2 expression.
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Tumor Angiogenesis Correlates with Prognosis in Patients with Stage 3 Gastric Cancer
Kyung Suk Chung, Chang Gul Hong, Hyun Uk Shin, Jung Weon Shim, Hae Kyung Ahn
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(2):240-245.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
Several studies suggest that tumor angiogenesis is a significant prognostic factor in carcinoma of the breast, lung, prostate, oral cavity, and colon. We assessed whether intensity of tumor angiogenesis, as measured by microvessel counts in histologic sections, correlates with prognosis in patients with stage III gastric cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Paraffin-embedded sections from 49 patients (23 stage IIla, 26 stage IIIb) with primary gastric cancer that had been completely removed were analyzed for angiogenesis. Vessels were stained with anti-factor VIII polyclonal antibody, and areas with the most discrete microvessels were counted in a 200X field.
RESULTS
Patients with stage IIIa gastric cancer had fewer microvessels than those with stage IIIb gastric cancer (32.8+-14.5 vs. 40.3+-16.1, P=0.106). The mean microvessel count from patients who were alive were significantly lower than that from patients who had died at the time of follow-up (24.8+-10.0 vs. 42.9+- 14.5, P=O.OOO). The 5-year survival rate of patients with count less than 33 microvessels was higher than that of patients with count more than 33 microvessels (59.9% vs. 11.6%, P= 0.000). On multivariate analysis by Cox proportional hazards model, the microvessel count was a significant prognostic factor of stage III gastric cancer.
CONCLUSION
Tumor angiogenesis assessed by microvessel count may be a significant prognostic factor of stage III gastric cancer and may prove valuable in selecting patients with stage III gastric cancer for aggressive adjuvant therapy and closer postoperative follow-up.
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Correlation between VEGF Expression and Angiogenesis in Advanced Gastric Carcinoma
Young Bae Kim, Jee Young Han, Sang Hyun Lee, Hae Seung Han, Tae Sook Kim, Young Chae Chu, Tae Sook Hwang
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(6):1061-1068.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
VEGF is thought to be an important angiogenic factor playing significant a role in the aggressiveness of malignant tumor by stimulating neovascularization. We morphologically investicated the tumor angiogenesis in terms of the presence of VEGF expression in advanced gastric carcinoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed immunohistochemical stains for VEGF, CD 34, and MIB-1 (Ki-67) on the 51 paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The degree of angiogenesis was determined by counting microvessel densities and their Ki-67 labelling indices of endothelial cells within the tumors. We evaluated the correlation between the expression of VEGF, angiogenesis and clinicopathologic factors such as histologic differentiation, depth of invasion, and lymph node metastasis.
RESULTS
Immunoreactivity for VEGF revealed positivity in 34 out of 51 cases (66.7%). Microvessel densities and Ki-67 labelling indices of endothelial cells reflecting angiogenesis were higher in VEGF-positive tumors than VEGF-negative tumors. There were no conelations between VEGF expression, histologic differentiation and the depth of invasion. We failed to evaluate the conelation of VEGF expression and lymph node metastasis.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that VEGF expressian is closely related to tumor asso- ciated angiogenesis in advanced gastric carcinoma. Considering that tumor growth depends on angiogenesis, therapies reducing VEGF may be a means of inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor aggressiveness.
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Evaulation of Angiogenesis and Matrix Metalloproteinase as Prognostic Markers in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Young Sik Kim, Young Bae Kim, Dong Hwan Shin, Han Kyeom Kim, Bum Woo Yeom, Jong Sang Choi, Insun Kim, Dale Lee
J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(5):816-824.
AbstractAbstract PDF
PURPOSE
In squamous cell carcinomas of the lung, the angiogenesis and the expression rates of metalloproteinase were measured to examine whether they can be useful as prognostic markers and therapeutic potentials.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The angiogenesis and the expression rates of metalloproteinase were analyzed by counting the number of microvessels and immunohistochemically positive cells of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in 54 squamous cell carcinoma, respectively.
RESULTS
Lymph node meatastasis group showed higher angiogenesis than non-metastasis one (p=0.008). Angiogenesis were elevated with increasing clinical stage. However, MMP-1 and MMP-2 expression rate as the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis and the clinical stages were statistically insignificant, respectively. Angiogenesis failed to demonstrate any significant correlation with the expression rates of MMPs.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggests that angiogenesis level may provide informaton relevant to prognosis as well as treatment decisions.
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