Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Breast cancer

The Association of Estrogen Receptor Activity, Interferon Signaling, and MHC Class I Expression in Breast Cancer: In Hye Song, Young-Ae Kim, Sun-Hee Heo, Won Seon Bang, Hye Seon Park, Yeon ho Choi, Heejae Lee, Jeong-Han Seo, Youngjin Cho, Sung Wook Jung, Hee Jeong Kim, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hee Jin Lee, Gyungyub Gong; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1111-1120. Published online December 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1017

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Purpose
The expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) has previously been reported to be negatively associated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Furthermore, MHC I expression, level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and expression of interferon (IFN) mediator MxA are positively associated with one another in human breast cancers. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of association of MHC I with ER and IFN signaling.
Materials and Methods
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC protein expression was analyzed in breast cancer cell lines. The expressions of HLA-A and MxA mRNAs were analyzed in MCF-7 cells in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data. ER and HLA-ABC expressions, Ki-67 labeling index and TIL levels in tumor tissue were also analyzed in ER+/ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)- breast cancer patients who randomly received either neoadjuvant chemotherapy or estrogen modulator treatment followed by resection.
Results
HLA-ABC protein expression was decreased after β-estradiol treatment or hESR-GFP transfection and increased after fulvestrant or IFN-γ treatment in cell lines. In GEO data, HLA-A and MxA expression was increased after ESR1 shRNA transfection. In patients, ER Allred score was significantly lower and the HLA-ABC expression, TIL levels, and Ki-67 were significantly higher in the estrogen modulator treated group than the chemotherapy treated group.
Conclusion
MHC I expression and TIL levels might be affected by ER pathway modulation and IFN treatment. Further studies elucidating the mechanism of MHC I regulation could suggest a way to boost TIL influx in cancer in a clinical setting.

Citations

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The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights
Afsoon Dehghani
Journal of Cancer Prevention.2026; 31(1): 1. CrossRef
Identifying Safeguards Disabled by Epstein-Barr Virus Infections in Genomes From Patients With Breast Cancer: Chromosomal Bioinformatics Analysis
Bernard Friedenson
JMIRx Med.2025; 6: e50712. CrossRef
Progesterone receptor-dependent downregulation of MHC class I promotes tumor immune evasion and growth in breast cancer
Julio C Tinoco, Harmony I Saunders, Lauryn Rose Werner, Xiaopeng Sun, Eilidh I Chowanec, Amanda Heard, Prabhakar Chalise, Jeffery M Vahrenkamp, Andrea E Wilson, Cong-Xiao Liu, Gangjun Lei, Junping Wei, Hugo Cros, Hisham Mohammed, Melissa Troester, Charles
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2025; 13(3): e010179. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer: Insights from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compilation (MAGIC)
Honghong Wu, Zebo Huang, Jie Wang
Academic Radiology.2025; 32(8): 4369. CrossRef
Prenatal Bisphenol B Exposure Induces Adult Male Offspring Reproductive Dysfunction via ERα Inhibition-Triggered MHC I-Mediated Testicular Immunological Responses
Nannan Chen, Xiaotian Li, Shenrui Zhou, Xin Peng, Senlin Xue, Yuetong Liu, Tingwang Jiang, Wei Yan
Toxics.2025; 13(6): 423. CrossRef
The untapped potential of radiation and immunotherapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
Matthew Fenton, Miki Yoneyama, Erik Wennerberg, Tom Lund, Andrew Tutt, Alan Melcher, Sandra Demaria, Navita Somaiah
npj Breast Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dendrimer-Mediated Delivery Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Anunay James Pulukuri, Anubhav Dhull, Aqib Iqbal Dar, Anu Rani, Rishi Sharma, Clifford E. Berkman, Anjali Sharma
Biomacromolecules.2025; 26(9): 5979. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: From Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming to Combination Therapy Strategies
Zimei Tang, Tao Huang, Tinglin Yang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(23): 11596. CrossRef
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Steven–Johnson Syndrome During the Postpartum Period: A Literature Review with a Rare Case Presentation
Natalia Katarzyna Mazur-Ejankowska, Maciej Ejankowski, Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska, Jakub Żółkiewicz, Ewa Gostkowska, Wioletta Barańska-Rybak, Dariusz Grzegorz Wydra
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(1): 17. CrossRef
Estrogen receptor regulation of the immune microenvironment in breast cancer
Conor McGuinness, Kara L. Britt
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.2024; 240: 106517. CrossRef
Bioinformatic-Experimental Screening Uncovers Multiple Targets for Increase of MHC-I Expression through Activating the Interferon Response in Breast Cancer
Xin Li, Zilun Ruan, Shuzhen Yang, Qing Yang, Jinpeng Li, Mingming Hu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(19): 10546. CrossRef
Hormone Receptor Signaling and Breast Cancer Resistance to Anti-Tumor Immunity
Alexandra Moisand, Mathilde Madéry, Thomas Boyer, Charlotte Domblides, Céline Blaye, Nicolas Larmonier
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(20): 15048. CrossRef

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Axillary Lymph Node Dissection Does Not Improve Post-mastectomy Overall or Disease-Free Survival among Breast Cancer Patients with 1-3 Positive Nodes: Ji Hyeon Joo, Su Ssan Kim, Byung Ho Son, Seung Do Ahn, Jin Hong Jung, Eun Kyung Choi, Sei Hyun Ahn, Jong Won Lee, Hee Jeong Kim, Beom Seok Ko; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1011-1021. Published online October 16, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.438

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Purpose
Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) may be avoidable for breast cancer patients with 1-2 positive lymph nodes (LN) after breast-conserving therapy. However, the effects of ALND after mastectomy remain unclear because radiation is not routinely used. Herein, we compared the benefits of post-mastectomy ALND versus sentinel node biopsy (SNB) alone for breast cancer patients with 1-3 metastatic LNs.
Materials and Methods
A total of 1,697 patients with pN1 disease who underwent mastectomy during 2000-2015 were identified from an institutional database. Outcomes were compared using the inverse probability of treatment weighted method.
Results
Patients who underwent SNB tended to have smaller tumors, a lower histology grade, a lower number of positive LNs, and better immunohistochemical findings. After correcting all confounding factors regarding patient, tumor, and adjuvant treatment, the SNB and ALND groups did not differ in terms of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS), distant metastasis and locoregional recurrence. The 10-year DFS and OS rates were 83% and 84%, respectively, during a median follow-up period of 93 months.
Conclusion
ALND did not improve post-mastectomy survival outcomes among patients with N1 breast cancer, even after adjusting for all histopathologic and treatment-related factors.

Citations

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Omitting axillary dissection in breast cancer patients with one to two positive sentinel nodes undergoing mastectomy: a retrospective and prospective cohort study with a target trial emulation
Haitong Xie, Xin Wang, Xianlin Gu, Chihua Wu, Wanying Guo, Rui Li, Binxu Qiu, Zhihao Zhang, Peng Gao, Xiangyue Meng, Liang Du, Shengchun Liu, Michael Gnant, Jie Chen
International Journal of Surgery.2026; 112(4): 11000. CrossRef
The Clinical Impact of Not Performing Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in pN+sn Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Total Mastectomy
Beatriz Maganinho, Bárbara Peleteiro, Ricardo Pereira, José Luís Fougo
Clinical Breast Cancer.2026; 26(7): 56. CrossRef
Omission of completion axillary dissection in clinically node-negative breast cancer with 1–2 metastatic sentinel lymph nodes
Weiqiang Qiao, Xiao Guo, Peng Li, Qipeng Liu, Miao Deng
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Lymphangiogenesis in Breast Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications
Brusi Kola, Sooraj Kakkat, Prabhat Suman, Emily Crouch, Debanjan Chakroborty, Chandrani Sarkar
The FASEB Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
RETRACTED: Safety analysis of omitting axillary lymph node dissection in early-stage breast cancer with 1-2 sentinel lymph nodes macro-metastases: a meta-analysis
Yu Chen, Xiaoming Zhang, Qingping Wu, Shanshan Gao, Lu Wang, Minxia Zeng, Lihu Gu, Changrui Sheng
Clinical Breast Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety analysis of omitting axillary lymph node dissection in early-stage breast cancer with 1–2 sentinel lymph nodes macro-metastases: a meta-analysis
Yu Chen, Xiaoming Zhang, Qingping Wu, Shanshan Gao, Lu Wang, Minxia Zeng, Lihu Gu, Changrui Sheng
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Can axillary lymph node dissection be omitted in breast cancer patients with 1-2 positive sentinel nodes? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jinyi Xie, Tong Wan, Jie Hao, Siyue Zhang, Haoyu Wang, Xiaochen Zhang, Pengfei Zhu, Lijuan Wang, Bing Chen, Wenjing Zhao, Qifeng Yang, Ning Zhang
The Oncologist.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy on Female Patients With T3-4c Breast Cancer and 1-2 Positive Lymph Nodes: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Hanzhao Yang, Yadong Sun, Peili Wang, Jianghua Qiao, Chengzheng Wang, Zhenzhen Liu
Clinical Breast Cancer.2024; 24(3): e126. CrossRef
Axillary management in patients with clinical node-negative early breast cancer and positive sentinel lymph node: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Changzai Li, Pan Zhang, Jie Lv, Wei Dong, Baoshan Hu, Jinji Zhang, Hongcheng Zhu
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Reevaluating Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Total Mastectomy for Low Axillary Burden Breast Cancer: Insights from a Meta-Analysis including the SINODAR-ONE Trial
Munaser Alamoodi, Neill Patani, Kinan Mokbel, Umar Wazir, Kefah Mokbel
Cancers.2024; 16(4): 742. CrossRef
RecurIndex-Guided postoperative radiotherapy with or without Avoidance of Irradiation of regional Nodes in 1–3 node-positive breast cancer (RIGAIN): a study protocol for a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled prospective, phase III trial
Jing Liu, Yuting Tan, Zhuofei Bi, Suning Huang, Na Zhang, An-du Zhang, Lina Zhao, Yu Wang, Zibin Liang, Yu Hou, Xiangying Xu, Jianying Chen, Fei Wang, Xiaowen Lan, Xiao Lin, Xiaoxue Zhang, Wenyi Zhou, Xuting Ye, Jian-gui Guo, Xiaohong Wang, Ran Ding, Jiay
BMJ Open.2024; 14(7): e078049. CrossRef
The prognostic analysis of further axillary dissection in breast cancer with 1-2 positive sentinel lymph nodes undergoing mastectomy
Xueyi Zhao, Liu Yang, Congbo Cao, Zhenchuan Song
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy
Damiano GENTILE, Corrado TINTERRI
Minerva Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Can Axillary Lymph Node Dissection be Omitted in Breast Cancer Patients with Metastatic Sentinel Lymph Nodes Undergoing Mastectomy? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Real‐World Evidence
Fulong Chen, Xiaowen Li, Xianjun Lin, Lijia Chen, Zhaoling Lin, Hao Wu, Jishang Chen
World Journal of Surgery.2023; 47(10): 2446. CrossRef
De-implementation of Axillary Dissection in Women Undergoing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer
Laura D. Leonard, Thiago B. de Araujo, Christopher Quinn, Madeline B. Thomas, Laurel Beaty, Nicole M. Mott, Kathryn Colborn, Alicia A. Heelan, Sarah E. A. Tevis, Nicole Christian, Gretchen Arhendt, Ana L. Gleisner
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2023; 30(9): 5692. CrossRef
A multi-dimensional nomogram to predict non-sentinel lymph node metastases in T1–2HR+ breast cancer
Ke Xiang, Jialin Chen, Yu Min, Hang Chen, Jiaxin Yang, Daixing Hu, Yuling Han, Guobing Yin, Yang Feng
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Sentinel lymph node biopsy versus axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy with one to two metastatic sentinel lymph nodes: sub-analysis of the SINODAR-ONE multicentre randomized clinical trial and reopening of enrolm
Corrado Tinterri, Giuseppe Canavese, Wolfgang Gatzemeier, Erika Barbieri, Alberto Bottini, Andrea Sagona, Giulia Caraceni, Alberto Testori, Simone Di Maria Grimaldi, Carla Dani, Luca Boni, Paolo Bruzzi, Bethania Fernandes, Marta Scorsetti, Alberto Zambell
British Journal of Surgery.2023; 110(9): 1143. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety comparison between axillary lymph node dissection with no axillary surgery in patients with sentinel node-positive breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Yu-Jia Fan, Jin-Cheng Li, De-Miao Zhu, Hai-Long Zhu, Yi Zhao, Xin-Bing Zhu, Gang Wu, Ting-ting Bai
BMC Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Factores predictivos de metástasis en ganglios no centinela en el cáncer de mama con ganglio centinela positivo
Mariana Peyroteo, Rita Canotilho, Ana Margarida Correia, Catarina Baía, Cátia Ribeiro, Paulo Reis, Abreu de Sousa
Cirugía Española.2022; 100(2): 81. CrossRef
Optimizing Axillary Management in Clinical T1-2N0 Mastectomy Patients with Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes
Olga Kantor, Jessica Means, Samantha Grossmith, Tanujit Dey, Jennifer R. Bellon, Elizabeth A. Mittendorf, Tari A. King
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2022; 29(2): 972. CrossRef
Predictive factors of non-sentinel lymph node disease in breast cancer patients with positive sentinel lymph node
Mariana Peyroteo, Rita Canotilho, Ana Margarida Correia, Catarina Baía, Cátia Ribeiro, Paulo Reis, Abreu de Sousa
Cirugía Española (English Edition).2022; 100(2): 81. CrossRef
Axilla lymph node dissection can be safely omitted in patients with 1–2 positive sentinel nodes receiving mastectomy: a large multi-institutional study and a systemic meta-analysis
Weiqi Gao, Shuangshuang Lu, Yufei Zeng, Xiaosong Chen, Kunwei Shen
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2022; 196(1): 129. CrossRef
Comparison of survival outcomes between axillary conservation and axillary lymph node dissections in N1 early breast cancer: a propensity-matched SEER analysis
Nisha Wu, Xiaohan Su, Qiao Tan, Jing Luo, Yewei Yuan, Lingmi Hou, Junyan Li
Clinical and Translational Oncology.2022; 25(4): 1091. CrossRef
Surgeon Bias in the Management of Positive Sentinel Lymph Nodes
Brittany J. Mathias, James Sun, Weihong Sun, Jun-Min Zhou, William J. Fulp, Christine Laronga, M. Catherine Lee, John V. Kiluk
Clinical Breast Cancer.2021; 21(1): 74. CrossRef
Impact of Axillary Dissection Among Patients With Sentinel Node–Positive Breast Cancer Undergoing Mastectomy
James Sun, Brittany J. Mathias, Christine Laronga, Weihong Sun, Jun-Min Zhou, William J. Fulp, John V. Kiluk, M. Catherine Lee
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.2021; 19(1): 40. CrossRef
Evolution of the Use of Completion Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in Patients with T1/2N0M0 Breast Cancer and Tumour-Involved Sentinel Lymph Nodes Undergoing Mastectomy: A Cohort Study
André Hennigs, Fabian Riedel, Manuel Feißt, Melitta Köpke, Mahdi Rezai, Ulrike Nitz, Mareike Moderow, Michael Golatta, Christof Sohn, Jörg Heil
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2019; 26(8): 2435. CrossRef

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No Association of Positive Superficial and/or Deep Margins with Local Recurrence in Invasive Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Surgery: Tae In Yoon, Jong Won Lee, Sae Byul Lee, Guiyun Sohn, Jisun Kim, Il Young Chung, Hee Jeong Kim, Beom Seok Ko, Byung Ho Son, Gyungyub Gong, Sung-Bae Kim, Su Ssan Kim, Seung Do Ahn, Minsung Chung, Sei Hyun Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(1):275-282. Published online April 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.041

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
We evaluated the effect of positive superficial and/or deep margin status on local recurrence (LR) in invasive breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy.
Materials and Methods
In total, 3,403 stage 1 and 2 invasive breast cancer patients treated with BCS followed by radiotherapy from January 2000 to December 2008 were included in this study. These patients were divided into three groups according to margin status: clear resection margin status for all sections (group 1, n=3,195); positive margin status in superficial and/or deep sections (group 2, n=121); and positive peripheral parenchymal margin regardless of superficial and/or deep margin involvement (group 3, n=87). The LR-free survival between these three groups was compared and the prognostic role of margin status was analyzed.
Results
Across all groups, age, tumor size, nodal status, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status did not significantly differ. High grade, positive extensive intraductal component, hormone receptor positivity, hormone therapy received, and chemotherapy not received were more prevalent in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. Five-year LR rates in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 1.9%, 1.7%, and 7.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that group 3 was a significant predictor for LR (hazard ratio [HR], 4.78; p < 0.001), but that positive superficial and/or deep margin was not (HR, 0.66; p=0.57).
Conclusion
Superficial and/or deep margin involvement following BCS is not an important predictor for LR.

Citations

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Current practices and challenges in margin evaluation for breast-conserving surgery specimens: a nationwide survey in Japan with international benchmarking
Yoshiya Horimoto, Hiroshi Kaise, Takashi Ishikawa, Eiichi Sato, Rin Yamaguchi, Takuya Moriya
Breast Cancer.2026; 33(1): 236. CrossRef
Correlation Between Margin Status and Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence in Patients With Breast Cancer Undergoing Breast-Conserving Surgery With Whole-Breast Radiation Therapy
Ki Jo Kim, Seung Ah Lee, Doyoun Woen, Su Min Lee, Kawon Oh, Cho Eun Lee, Woong Ki Park, Hyunwoo Lee, Yoon Ah Cho, Eun Yoon Cho, Seok Jin Nam, Seok Won Kim, Jonghan Yu, Byung Joo Chae, Se Kyung Lee, Jai Min Ryu, Jeong Eon Lee
Journal of Breast Cancer.2026; 29(1): 57. CrossRef
Locoregional Recurrence-Free Survival in Postmastectomy Breast Cancer: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Hypofractionated Versus Conventional Fractionated Radiation Therapy
Suma Susan Meloot, Ciniraj Raveendran, IP Yadev
Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 16(5): 1270. CrossRef
Assessment of Eligibility and Utilization of Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation in Korean Breast Cancer Patients (KROG 22-15)
Seok-Joo Chun, Ji Hwan Jo, Yong Bae Kim, Sangjoon Park, Sung-Ja Ahn, Su Ssan Kim, Kyubo Kim, Kyung Hwan Shin
Cancer Research and Treatment.2024; 56(2): 549. CrossRef
Surgical margin status and survival outcomes of breast cancer patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast irradiation after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Jong-Ho Cheun, Young Joo Lee, Jun-Hee Lee, Yungil Shin, Jung Whan Chun, Soo Yeon Baek, Hong-Kyu Kim, Han-Byoel Lee, Jonghan Yu, Byung Joo Chae, Wonshik Han, Jeong Eon Lee
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2022; 194(3): 683. CrossRef
Comparison of Recurrence Rate Between Re-Excision With Radiotherapy and Radiotherapy-Only Groups in Surgical Margin Involvement of In Situ Carcinoma
Jun-Hee Lee, Hyunjun Lee, Yoon Ju Bang, Jai Min Ryu, Se Kyung Lee, Jonghan Yu, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Won Kim, Seok Jin Nam, Byung Joo Chae
Journal of Breast Cancer.2022; 25(4): 288. CrossRef
Updates and Debate Concerning Margin Adequacy and Management following Breast-Conserving Surgery
Serena Bertozzi, Ambrogio P Londero, Jose Andres Diaz Nanez, Francesco Leone, Barbara Baita, Lucia La Verghetta, Milena Nobile, Daria Almesberger, Carla Cedolini
Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Feasibility and safety of breast-conserving surgery via a periareolar incision for cancers located far from the nipple–areolar complex: a retrospective study
Joohyun Woo, Jihae Lee, Se Hyun Paek, Woosung Lim
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2021; 147(3): 893. CrossRef
Breast-conserving surgery with 3D-printed surgical guide: a single-center, prospective clinical study
Zhen-Yu Wu, Hee Jeong Kim, Jongwon Lee, Il Yong Chung, Jisun Kim, Saebyeol Lee, Byung Ho Son, Sei-Hyun Ahn, Hak Hee Kim, Joon Beom Seo, Jae Ho Jeong, Gyungyub Gong, Namkug Kim, BeomSeok Ko
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Usefulness of 3D-surgical guides in breast conserving surgery after neoadjuvant treatment
Han Shin Lee, Hee Jeong Kim, Il Yong Chung, Jisun Kim, Sae Byul Lee, Jong Won Lee, Byung Ho Son, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hak Hee Kim, Joon Beom Seo, Jin Hee Ahn, Gyungyub Gong, Sangwook Lee, Namkug Kim, Beom Seok Ko
Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Partial chest wall radiation therapy for positive or close surgical margins after modified radical mastectomy for breast cancer without lymph node metastasis
Naoya Ishibashi, Haruna Nishimaki, Toshiya Maebayashi, Keita Adachi, Kenichi Sakurai, Shinobu Masuda, Masaharu Hata, Masahiro Okada
Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology.2020; 16(1): 28. CrossRef
Impact of Oncotype DX Recurrence Score on the Patterns of Locoregional Recurrence in Breast Cancer (Korean Radiation Oncology Group 19-06)
Kyubo Kim, Jinhong Jung, Kyung Hwan Shin, Jin Ho Kim, Ji Hyun Chang, Su Ssan Kim, Haeyoung Kim, Won Park, Yong Bae Kim, Jee Suk Chang
Journal of Breast Cancer.2020; 23(3): 314. CrossRef
Magnetic resonance imaging based 3-dimensional printed breast surgical guide for breast-conserving surgery in ductal carcinoma in situ: a clinical trial
Zhen-Yu Wu, Aisha Alzuhair, Heejeong Kim, Jong Won Lee, Il Yong Chung, Jisun Kim, Sae Byul Lee, Byung Ho Son, Gyungyub Gong, Hak Hee Kim, Joon Beom Seo, Sei Hyun Ahn, Namkug Kim, BeomSeok Ko
Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Aktuelle chirurgische Therapie des Mammakarzinoms
Jasmin Zeindler, Fabienne Schwab
InFo Hämatologie + Onkologie.2019; 22(4): 15. CrossRef
Comparing long-term local recurrence rates of surgical and non-surgical management of close anterior margins in breast conserving surgery
George Boundouki, Joseph Ryan Wong Sik Hee, Natalie Croghan, Katie Stocking, Andrew Pieri, Adam Critchley, Cliona C. Kirwan, James R. Harvey
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2019; 176(2): 311. CrossRef
Therapy of isolated locoregional recurrent carcinoma of the breast
Lena Gabriel, Marina Schmidt, Stephanie Juhasz-Böss, Patrick Melchior, Anika von Heesen, Gilda Schmidt, Nicole Kranzhöfer, Erich-Franz Solomayer, Ingolf Juhasz-Böss, Georg-Peter Breitbach
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics.2019; 300(2): 365. CrossRef

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Survival Outcome of Combined GnRH Agonist and Tamoxifen Is Comparable to That of Sequential Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide Chemotherapy Plus Tamoxifen in Premenopausal Patients with Lymph-Node–Negative, Hormone-Responsive, HER2-Negative, T1-T2 Breast Cancer: Guiyun Sohn, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hee Jeong Kim, Byung-Ho Son, Jong Won Lee, Beom Seok Ko, Yura Lee, Sae Byul Lee, Seunghee Baek; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(4):1351-1362. Published online April 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.444

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare treatment outcomes between combined gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and tamoxifen (GnRHa+T) and sequential adriamycin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy and tamoxifen (AC->T) in premenopausal patients with hormone-responsive, lymph-node–negative breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
In total, 994 premenopausal women with T1-T2, lymph-node–negative, hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer between January 2003 and December 2008 were included in this retrospective cohort study. GnRHa+T and AC->T were administered to 608 patients (61.2%) and 386 patients (38.8%), respectively. Propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting were applied to the original cohort, and 260 patients for each treatment arm were included in the final analysis. Recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival was compared between the two treatment groups.
Results
A total of 994 patients were followed up for a median of 7.4 years (range, 0.5 to 11.4 years). The 5-year follow-up rate was 98.7%, and 13 patients were lost to follow-up. In propensity=matched cohorts (n=520), there was no difference in recurrence-free, cancer-specific, and overall survival rates between the two treatment groups (p=0.306, p=0.212, and p=0.102, respectively), and this was maintained after applying inverse probability weighting.
Conclusion
GnRHa+T is a reasonable alternative to AC-> T in patients with premenopausal, hormoneresponsive, HER2-negative, lymph-node–negative, T1-T2 breast cancer.

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Effectiveness of post-mastectomy adjuvant chemotherapy for the treatment of patients with prognostic stage IB breast cancer: A SEER-based study
HongMei Wang, Yi Peng, Jianbin Wu, ZhuangWei Chen, HuaLe Zhang
Asian Journal of Surgery.2023; 46(9): 3634. CrossRef
Risk of recurrence among patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative, early breast cancer receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Elizabeth M. Salvo, Abril Oliva Ramirez, Jenilee Cueto, Ernest H. Law, Aaron Situ, Chris Cameron, Imtiaz A. Samjoo
The Breast.2021; 57: 5. CrossRef
Effectiveness of a 6-Month 22.5-mg Leuprolide Acetate Depot Formulation With Tamoxifen for Postoperative Premenopausal Estrogen Suppression in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer
Zhen-Yu Wu, Young-jin Lee, Heejeong Kim, Jongwon Lee, Il Yong Chung, Jisun Kim, Saebyeol Lee, Byung-Ho Son, Sung-Bae Kim, Jae Ho Jeong, Gyungyub Gong, Sei-Hyun Ahn, BeomSeok Ko
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in bone mineral density during 5 years of adjuvant treatment in premenopausal breast cancer patients
Minsung Kim, Hanna Kim, Sei Hyun Ahn, Vafa Tabatabaie, Sung Wook Choi, Guiyun Sohn, Sae Byul Lee, Beom Seok Ko, Il Yong Chung, Jisun Kim, Jong Won Lee, Byung Ho Son, Hee Jeong Kim
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2020; 180(3): 657. CrossRef
Change in Estradiol Levels among Premenopausal Patients with Breast Cancer Treated Using Leuprolide Acetate 11.25 Milligrams 3-Month Depot and Tamoxifen
Young-jin Lee, Zhen-Yu Wu, Hee jeong Kim, Jong Won Lee, Il Yong Chung, Jisun Kim, Sae Byul Lee, Byung Ho Son, Sung-Bae Kim, Jae Ho Jung, Gyungyub Gong, Sei-Hyun Ahn, BeomSeok Ko
Journal of Breast Cancer.2020; 23(5): 553. CrossRef
Survival outcome of combined GnRH agonist and tamoxifen is comparable to that of sequential adriamycin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy plus tamoxifen in premenopausal patients with early breast cancer
Doonyapat Sa‑Nguanraksa, Thitikon Krisorakun, Wanee Pongthong, Pornchai O‑Charoenrat
Molecular and Clinical Oncology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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The Estimation of Breast Cancer Disease-Probability by Difference of Individual Susceptibility: Sue Kyung Park, Keun Young Yoo, Dae Hee Kang, Sei Hyun Ahn, Dong Young Noh, Kuk Jin Choe; Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35(1):35-51. Published online February 28, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2003.35.1.35

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
The aims were to evaluate the main risk factors (RFs) of breast cancer and to estimate the individual disease-probability from combinations of RFs in Korean female. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted case-control study of 1, 687 incident cases of invasive carcinoma and 1, 238 controls during 1996~2000. A breast cancer disease-probability model was established by a general modeling process using a multivariate logistic regression model, which included the main Korean RFs and synergistic interaction-terms. RESULTS: The main Korean RFs selected were age, family history of second relatives, BMI, age at first full term pregnancy, breast-feeding, and a special test on the breasts. Two synergisms were observed between age and breast-feeding, and between special test and age at first fullterm pregnancy. The disease-probability and model are shown in Table 4, and Appendix 1. CONCLUSION: The availability of previous Western models was limited for Korean female due to the differences inhazard-rates and the characteristics of breast cancer between Asian and Western females. Due to limited basic data, i.e. incidence, hazard-rate and cancer-cohorts, the developing-probability of breast cancer for Korean females was not calculated. Therefore, the disease-probability was calculated instead. This approach might be more beneficial for Koreans, and help in the decision- making for regular screening or hospital visit-interval, counseling in breast-cancer clinics, prescribing high-risk population, and in educating for primary prevention, although it over-estimates the relative probability compared to the developing-probability and the 65% predictive validity.

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Yon Ho Jee, Chi Gao, Jihye Kim, Seho Park, Sun Ha Jee, Peter Kraft
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Bo-Kyoung Kim, Yoon-Ho Choi, Yun-Mi Song, Joo-Hyun Park, Hye-Mi Noh, Tuong L. Nguyen, John L. Hopper
Annals of Epidemiology.2014; 24(3): 222. CrossRef
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Mi-Hwa Lee, Sang-Hyun Kim
Journal of Digital Convergence.2014; 12(11): 437. CrossRef
Validation of Risk Assessment Models for Predicting the Incidence of Breast Cancer in Korean Women
Jun Won Min, Myung-Chul Chang, Hae Kyung Lee, Min Hee Hur, Dong-Young Noh, Jung Han Yoon, Yongsik Jung, Jung-Hyun Yang
Journal of Breast Cancer.2014; 17(3): 226. CrossRef
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ChaeWeon Chung, Suk Jeong Lee
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Retrospective Analysis of the Results of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients with 10 or More Positive Nodes: Nonrandomized Comparison of Adriamycin-Containing Regimens: Jin Hee Ahn, Haeseoung Bahng, Jeong Gyun Kim, Sung Bae Kim, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hyesook Chang, Jung Shin Lee, Sang Hee Kim, Woo Kun Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2002;34(2):84-90. Published online April 30, 2002; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2002.34.2.84

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
To evaluate the results of adriamycin-based adjuvant chemotherapy with or without high dose chemotherapy (HDC) with stem cell transplantation (SCT) in breast cancer with 10 or more positive axillary nodes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seventy-one breast cancer patients who had undergone surgery and had 10 or more positive axillary nodes were included in this study held between January 1997 and December 1999. The pathologic and clinical records were reviewed retrospectively.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine patients were treated with adriamycin followed by 8 courses of CMF (group I); 22 patients received 4 courses of adriamycin and 7 patients received 3 courses of adriamycin. Twenty-six patients received median 6 courses of CAF (group II) and 16 patients underwent HDC and autologous SCT (group III). With a median follow-up of 27.1 months, relapses were observed in 24 patients (33.8%) and the 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate was 57.1%; group I/II 55.4%, and group III 62.7%. The three-year overall survival (OS) rate was 86.1%; group I/II 83.0%, group III 93.8%. There were no difference in the 3-year DFSs or in the OSs of group I and group II. However, patients who received only 3 courses of the sequential adriamycin in group I showed a significantly poorer 3-year OS than those that received 4 courses of adriamycin (42.9% vs. 95.5%).
CONCLUSION
Our study shows that adriamycin-containing combination chemotherapy is as effective as HDC with SCT in patients with 10 or more positive axillary lymph nodes judging by 3-year DFS and OS, and shows that three courses of adriamycin seems to be inadequate.

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Alternative Therapy and Abnormal Liver Function During Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients
Jin-Hee Ahn, Sung-Bae Kim, Mi Ra Yun, Jung-Shin Lee, Yoon-Koo Kang, Woo Kun Kim
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2004; 19(3): 397. CrossRef

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The Reliability of Histoculture Drug Response Assay (HDRA) in Chemosensitivity Tests for Breast Cancer: Hee Joon Kang, Chang Dae Ko, Ho Sung Yoon, Moon Bo Kim, Sei Hyun Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(5):392-397. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.5.392

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
Cancers are highly individual in their response to chemotherapy, however attempts to predict tumor response to drugs using in vitro cell culture have largely failed. A new technology, the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA), appears to have solved many previous problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the reliability of HDRA in a chemosensitivity test for breast cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Tumor specimens from breast cancer patients were evaluated by HDRA using different chemotherapeutic agents. Each specimen was tested using a blind method in order to determine the reproducibility of HDRA results for the same tissue and with a triplicated assay in order to determine reproducibility by different examiners. The evaluative power of this assay and the chemosensitivity of drugs for each specimen was determined.
RESULTS
Specimens of 92.9% (65/70) were successfully cultured and evaluated for chemosensitivity. The reproducibility of HDRA for the same tissue was 75% (100% agreement) and 100% (over 70% agreement), respectively. And the reproducibility by different examiners was 78.9% (100% agreement) and 94.7% (over 70% agreement), respectively. Each specimen demonstrated a response to at least one agent.
CONCLUSION
The evaluative power and reproducibility of HDRA were high, therefore it might serve as a reliable clinical method for chemosensitivity testing. However, there is a need for clinical trial in which patients are initially randomized for treatment either by HDRA direction or by clinician's choice.

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Yong Sik Jung, Young Up Cho, Young Jin Suh, Jeong Soo Kim, Se-Jeong Oh, Cheol Wan Lim, Moon Bo Kim, Heung Kyu Park
Journal of Breast Cancer.2007; 10(3): 193. CrossRef
A Feasibility Study of Adenosine Triphosphate-based Chemotherapy Response Assay (ATP-CRA) as a Chemosensitivity Test for Lung Cancer
Shin Myung Kang, Moo Suk Park, Joon Chang, Se Kyu Kim, Haeryoung Kim, Dong-Hwan Shin, Kyung Young Chung, Dae Joon Kim, Joo Hyuk Sohn, Sung Ho Choi, Jeongmi Kim, Eun Jin Yoon, Joo-Hang Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2005; 37(4): 223. CrossRef

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Personal Experience of 1,000 Breast Cancer Surgeries in Korea: Sei Hyun Ahn; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(1):68-75.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
A specialized breast surgeon is important to give comprehensive treatments to breast cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and treatment results of breast cancer patients in my breast clinic, and to share the experience of clinical management and data base recording and its clinical use.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
I had performed 1,018 breast cancer surgeries from Mar. 1992 to Mar. 1998 at the Breast Clinic in Asan Medical Center.
RESULTS
The results were as follows; 1,008 cases were female (99.0%), and 10 cases were male (1.0%). The peak incidence was in 40~49 years of age (36.5%), followed by 30~39 years (24.0%) and 50~59 years (23.3%). 647 cases (63.6%) were under the age of 50. The most common operative method was a modified radical mastectomy in 747 cases (73.4%), and breast conserving surgery was performed in 173 cases (17.0%). Immediate breast reconstruction was performed in 63 cases (tissue expander with implant in 50 cases, direct implant in 4 cases, TRAM flap in 8 cases, and LD flap in one case), and SSM (skin-sparing mastectomy) through circumareolar incision was done in 9 cases. According to TNM classificasion, the most common was stage II in 49.2% (501 cases), and the proportion of early-breast cancer (stage 0 and I) was 33.7%. The axillary lymph node metastasis was present in 43.5%. The 5-year overall survival and disease free survival rate was 81.4% and 70.7%. There was no local recurrence in breast conserving surgery by median follow-up of 32 months.
CONCLUSION
As a breast surgeon, I have tried to apply the appropriate operation methods according to the patients condition. The survival data was fairly good, and there was no local recurrence after breast conserving surgery yet. Data computerization was very useful for evaluating the characteristics of the patients.

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Axillary Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with T1 Breast Carcinoma: Correlation with Histopathologic and Immunohistochemical Characteristics of the Primary Tumor: Hyu Kyung Kim, Jae Rak Chung, Chul Hee Lee, Jae Hoo Park, Hong Rae Cho, Byung Kyun Ko, Young Sae Park, Yeong Ju Woo, Jae Hee Suh, Sei Hyun Ahn, Gyung Yub Gong; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(6):1179-1187.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Axillary lymph node metastases (ALNM) are the most important prognostic indicator in breast carcinoma. Because of relatively low incidence of axillary metastasis in the patients with Tl breast carcinoma, axillary lymph node dissection is now no longer considered to be the standard treatment. A reliable prediction of ALNM.may reduce the need for axillary lymph node dissection and may facilitate to select appropriate treatment modality. We have attempted to identify histopathologic/immunohistochemical factors correlated with ALNM in the patients with Tl breast carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-one patients with Tl breast carcinoma who underwent modified radical mastectomy and axillary dissection between January 1993 and February 1999 were studied. We investigated the relationship between ALNM and the histopathologic/immunohistochemical factors (size, lymphatic-vascular invasion (LVI), histologic grade, age, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PR) status, p53 protein, cathepsin D (CD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)- B 2, and microvessel density (MVD)).
RESULTS
Fourteen (34.2%) out of the 41 patients with Tl breast carcinoma had ALNM. There are five statistically significant factors correlated with ALNM; lymphatic-vascular invasion (P=0.002), histologic grade (P 0.047), immunohistochemical expression of CD (P=0.005) and TGF- B 2 (P=0.004), and microvessel density (P=0.002).
CONCLUSION
The histopathologic/immunohistochemical features of the primary breast tumor, such as LVI, increase in MVD, TGF- B 2 and CD expression, and histologic grade might be useful predictors of ALNM in patients with Tl breast carcinoma.

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Effect of Adjuvant Chemotherapy of Operable Breast Cancer : Survival and Prognostic Factor Analysis: Jeong Gyun Kim, Tae Won Kim, Je Hwan Lee, Sung Bae Kim, Cheolwon Suh, Kyoo Hyung Lee, Jung Shin Lee, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hyesook Chang, Sang Hee Kim, Woo Kun Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(5):1018-1026.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Though the therapy using regimens similar to western countries has been done by medical oncologists in several different centers in Korea, there is no large scale study about the results of those adjuvant chemotherapy as in western country and it is not clear whether the results are same in Korean population as in western countries not only in overall outcome but also depending on various prognostic categories. It is important to review whether Korean patients would have equivalent results as in western countries or not when they were treated with the same standardized regimens. We examined the effect of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy on survival and analyzed prognostic factors.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective analysis of survival and prognostic factors was done in 341 consecutive breast cancer patients who received curative operation followed by systemic conventional adjuvant chemotherapy between 1989 and 1996. The survival rate was compared using Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank method. To evaluate an independent prognostic factors, Cox proportional hazard model was used.
RESULTS
After median follow up of 56 months (range 28 118 months), the mean disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was 81.0+/-2.7 and 91.5+/-2.6 months respectively. The 5-year DFS and OS rate was 61% and 77%, respectively. On univariate analysis, prognostic factors significant for DFS were tumor size (<2 cm vs. > 2 cm), hormonal receptor status, and histologic grade. Prognostic factors affecting both DFS and OS are as follows: age ((pound)40 vs 41-50 vs. (3)51), number of axillary node involvement, .and stage. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of axillary node involvement was the strongest adverse predictor.
CONCLUSION
The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in Korean patients is not different from western countries and this report emphasizes the prognostic importance of number of axillary node involvement in breast cancer patients and necessity of intensive management of those with four or more positive nodes.

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Effect of p53 and p16 Protein Expression in Relation to Body Mass Index for Breast Cancer Risk: Mi Kyung Kim, Jung Yeon Kim, Gyung yub Gong, Sei Hyun Ahn; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2001;33(2):149-157.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was conducted to investigate whether breast cancer with p53 protein overexpression (p53+) and loss of p16 protein expression (p16-) shows different body size indicator (height, weight, body mass index) associations as compared with breast tumors without p53 protein overexpression and the loss of p16 expression (p53-, p16+).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A hospital based case-control study was conducted among 92 women patients and 122 control subjects. The p53 protein overexpression and loss of p16 protein expression in the tissue sections of patients with breast cancer were determined using immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
A total of 26 tumors (28%) demonstrated p53 overexpression and 35 tumors (46%) showed abnormal p16 expression. The heaviest women had a higher risk with p53- and p16+ breast tumors. The odds ratios (OR) adjusted for age, menopausal status, smoking, and drinking revealed a significant gradient of increasing risk of breast cancer with increasing BMI in p53- and p16+ breast cancer. The adjusted ORs for the highest quintile of BMI was 8.51 with p53+ tumors and 14.2 with p53- tumors, and 55.6 with p16+ tumors and 3.72 with p16- tumors. p53 protein overexpression and the loss of p16 expression did not significantly correlate with nodal status, tumor size, estrogen or progesterone receptor status.
CONCLUSION
The study concluded that a strong association between p53-/p16+ tumors and BMI suggests the occurrence of p53-/p16+ tumors is related with obesity as compared to p53-/p16+ tumors.

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