Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Article

General

Cancer Incidence and Survival among Adolescents and Young Adults in Korea: An Update for 2016: Meerim Park, Jiwon Lim, Jun Ah Lee, Byung Kiu Park, Kyu-Won Jung, Young-Joo Won, Hyeon Jin Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(1):32-44. Published online October 5, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.644

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Purpose
This study investigated the incidence and relative survival rates (RSRs) for cancers among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15-39 years between 1993 and 2016 in Korea
Materials and Methods
Data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry were used to calculate percent distributions, age-specific incidence rates, age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) per million, annual percent changes (APCs), average APCs, and RSRs for cancers diagnosed in AYAs.
Results
ASR of all cancers among AYAs was 654.5 per million. The largest diagnosed group of cancers was carcinomas (almost 80%). Crude incidence increased with age, from 170.4 per million for those aged 15-19 years to 1,639.8 per million for those aged 35-39 years. ASR increased from 414.8 per million to 820.4 per million, with an APC of 9.0%. The incidence of thyroid carcinoma showed the most rapid increment (APC, 14.0%), followed by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (APC, 13.4%). The 5-year RSR among AYAs significantly improved from 62.1% to 90.8%. Survival improvement in AYAs was higher than that in children but lower than that in older adults (APC, 2.1% vs. 1.9% vs. 3.1%). The most marked survival improvement was found for leukemia and lymphoma. Astrocytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and carcinoma of the trachea, bronchus, and lung had a 5-year RSR of < 50%.
Conclusion
There was an improvement in cancer survivals in AYAs, comparable to that achieved in children. However, survivals in several cancer types do not appear to be improving. Further research focusing on the epidemiology and therapeutic strategies for cancers in AYAs is needed.

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Case Report

Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy Mimicking Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency in Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Successful Treatment with Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Ammonia Scavengers: Jeong-Seon Lee, Hye Young Jin, Jung Min Ko, Seoung Hoon Kim, Nayoung Han, Byung Kiu Park, Meerim Park, Hyeon Jin Park, Jun Ah Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(1):283-288. Published online September 7, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.575

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Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (FLHCC) is a rare liver cancer affecting adolescents and young adults without any pre existing liver disease. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy (HAE) is a serious paraneoplastic syndrome, and several cases of HAE have been reported in patients with FLHCC. This condition is rare; hence, there are currently no management guidelines for cancer-related HAE. Herein, we report a case of an 18-year-old man with advanced FLHCC who developed HAE during the first course of chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and interferon-α. He was successfully treated with continuous venovenous hemofiltration, sodium benzoate, sodium phenylbutyrate, and amino acid supplementation for HAE. After the second course of chemotherapy, he underwent surgery, and thereafter, his ammonia levels were normal without any ammonia scavenger therapy. Treatments for HAE described here will be helpful for this rare, but serious metabolic complication of FLHCC and could partially applied to HAE related to any malignancies.

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Original Articles

Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer in Korea: Hyeon Jin Park, Eun-Kyeong Moon, Ju Young Yoon, Chang-Mo Oh, Kyu-Won Jung, Byung Kiu Park, Hee Young Shin, Young-Joo Won; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):869-882. Published online January 21, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.290

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Purpose
An epidemiologic study of childhood cancer would provide useful information on cancer etiology and development of management guidelines.
Materials and Methods
Data from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database were used to examine the incidence and survival of cancer in patients aged 0-14 years. Patients were grouped according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition. Age-specific and age-standardized incidences per million and estimated annual percentage change (APC) were calculated by sex and age. Five-year relative survival was calculated for four periods from 1993 to 2011.
Results
The study comprised 15,113 patients with malignant neoplasms. Age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers were 134.9 per million children in 1999-2011 and 144.0 and 124.9 per million for males and females, respectively (M/F ratio, 1.2; p < 0.05). The highest incidences were observed for ‘leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases’ (group I) (46.4), ‘central nervous system neoplasms’ (group III) (18.3), and ‘lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms’ (group II) (13.4). Age-standardized incidence increased from 117.9 in 1999 to 155.3 in 2011, with an APC of 2.4% (95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 2.7). There was a significant increase of APC in ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV) (5.6%) and ‘other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas’ (group XI) (5.6%). The 5-year relative survival rate for all childhood cancers improved significantly from 56.2% (1993-1995) to 78.2% (2007-2011) (males, 56.7% to 77.7%; females, 55.5% to 78.8%).
Conclusion
This study provides reliable information on incidence and survival trends for childhood cancer in Korea.

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Cell Cylce Regulatory Effects of Cyclic AMP in Cancer Cells Which Lack Wild-type p53: Joung Soon Jang, Joung Hun Kang, Byung Kiu Park, Sang Gu Hwang; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(4):750-756.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The activator of protein kinase A, cyclic AMP, has been a recognized growth inhibitor of certain cell types. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dibutyryl cAMP on the growth of cancer cells which lack wild-type p53 and to determine the mechanism of growth inhibition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Prostate and breast cancer cells were treated with dibutyryl cAMP and compared with untreated cells. Growth patterns of cells were assessed by trypan blue-excluding method and western blot was done to determine protein levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins which govern G1 and G1/S phase. Northern blot and immunoprecipitation were done to determine the level of mRNA of p21 and the association between cell cycle regulatory proteins. In vitro immune complex kinase assay was done to assess the activity of cdk2.
RESULTS
cAMP reduced cell growth by 48 h. Cyclin D3 level was downregulated and RB protein level was decreased and mostly unphosphorylated forms remained. The association of RB with E2F1 was increased. While cdk2 levels remained constant throughout cAMP treatment, the activity of cdk2/cyclin E complex, which is responsible for entry into S phase, was downregulated. Cdk inhibitors, p27 and p21 were induced with cAMP treatment.
CONCLUSION
These observation suggest that the growth inhibitory effects of dibutyryl cAMP on prostate and breast cancer cells were mediated by induction of cdk inhibitors such as p21 and p27 and RB activation in accordance with downregulation of cdk2.

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