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Original Article
- Estimation of Population Attributable Fraction by Hormone and Reproductive Factors on Female Cancer in the Republic of Korea, 2015 to 2030
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Youjin Hong1,2,3
, Soseul Sung1,2,4
, Woojin Lim1,2,4, Sungji Moon1,2,5, Kwang-Pil Ko1,6, Jung Eun Lee7, Inah Kim8, Sun Ha Jee9, Sun-Seog Kweon10, Min-Ho Shin10, Sangmin Park11, Seung-Ho Ryu12, Sun Young Yang13, Jeongseon Kim14, Sang-Wook Yi15, Yoon-Jung Choi14,16, Jeong-Soo Im16, Hong Gwan Seo14,16, Sue K. Park1,2,3,5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.707 [Accepted]
Published online: November 19, 2024
1Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
3Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
5Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
6Clinical Preventive Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
7Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
8Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
9Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
10Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
11Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
12Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
13Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Korea
14Graduate School of Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
15Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
16Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
2Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
3Integrated Major in Innovative Medical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, Korea
5Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
6Clinical Preventive Medicine Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
7Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
8Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
9Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
10Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
11Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
12Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
13Department of Internal Medicine, Healthcare Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, Korea
14Graduate School of Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
15Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
16Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Corresponding author:
Sue K. Park
Tel: 82-2-740-8338 Fax: 82-2-747-4830 Email: suepark@snu.ac.kr
- Youjin Hong and Soseul Sung contributed equally to this work.
Received: 26 July 2024 • Accepted: 18 November 2024
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Abstract
Purpose
Population attributable fractions (PAFs) for hormone and reproductive factors have been estimated in several countries. IARC designated as Group 1 and Group 2A carcinogen for hormone factors in breast, ovarian, endometrial and uterine cervix cancer. This study aimed to estimate the PAFs of hormone/reproductive factor attributed to cancer incidence and deaths in Korean women and projected trends from 2015 to 2030.
Materials and Methods
The PAF was estimated with using the 2005 standardized prevalence rates and 2020 incidence and deaths with a 15-year latency. Based on the Levin’s formula, prevalence rates were calculated using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) and the relative risks (RRs), which were the risk of selected female cancer associated with oral contraceptive, hormone replacement therapy and duration of breastfeeding, were estimated from the meta-analysis of studies performed in Korean women population. Studies based on the Asian and Global populations were calculated as a sensitivity analysis.
Results
The estimation PAFs for hormone was 1.02% with 1,192 cases and reproductive was 2.67% with 3,112 cases. Moreover, 0.40% (125 deaths) and 1.09% (342 deaths) in female-related cancer deaths in order. EP combined HRT accounted the most proportion in hormone factors and breastfeeding in reproductive factors. Also, the breast cancer had the highest percent in both hormone and reproductive factors.
Conclusion
Through this study, 1.02% and 2.67% of female-related cancer incidence will be reduced by encouraging avoiding the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and breastfeeding for more than 6 months in reproductive factors. Additionally, among four selected female cancers in this study, breast cancer was observed to be a significant level of prevention.
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