1Department of Pathology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University College of Engineering, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Department of Hospital Pathology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
6Artificial Intelligence Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
7Department of Medical Informatics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2025 by the Korean Cancer Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethical Statement
Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Korea University Guro Hospital, and the need for informed consent was waived (IRB number: 2023GR0308).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the analysis: Park KH, Kim A, Lee SH, Ahn S.
Collected the data: Jang W, Lee SH, Ahn S.
Contributed data or analysis tools: Jang W, Lee J, Lee SH, Ahn S.
Performed the analysis: Jang W, Lee J, Lee SH, Ahn S.
Wrote the paper: Jang W, Lee J, Lee SH, Ahn S.
Conflicts of Interest
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
Patch |
Most frequent subtypes |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
Tumor | ||||
High-grade nucleus | TNBC | HER-2 | Luminal A anda) Luminal B | |
Tumor necrosis | HER-2 | TNBC anda) Luminal A | Luminal B | |
Intratumoral TILs | TNBC anda) HER-2 | Luminal A | - | |
Non-tumor | ||||
Lymphoid aggregates | HER-2 | Luminal A | - | - |
Luminal B | TNBC | Luminal A | - | |
Collagen fibers | Luminal A | HER-2 | Luminal B | - |
Luminal A | TNBC | - | - |
Training dataset | Test dataset | AUROC |
---|---|---|
KG | KG | 0.674 (0.06) |
TCGA | 0.611 (0.05) | |
KG+TCGA | 0.628 (0.03) | |
TCGA | KG | 0.471 (0.08) |
TCGA | 0.622 (0.04) | |
KG+TCGA | 0.605 (0.04) | |
KG+TCGA | KG | 0.749 (0.03) |
TCGA | 0.741 (0.04) | |
KG+TCGA | 0.725 (0.03) |
Luminal A | Luminal B | HER-2 | TNBC | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tumor | ||||
High-grade nucleus | 6.6 | 2.4 | 51.1 | 95.9 |
Tumor necrosis | 18.4 | 0 | 63.8 | 28.6 |
Intratumoral TILs | 2.6 | 10.7 | 19.1 | 20.4 |
Non-tumor | ||||
Lymphoid aggregates | 52.3 | 95.2 | 89.3 | 90.9 |
Collagen fibers | 45.1 | 4.5 | 17.5 | 2.8 |
Patch | Most frequent subtypes |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | |
Tumor | ||||
High-grade nucleus | TNBC | HER-2 | Luminal A and |
|
Tumor necrosis | HER-2 | TNBC and |
Luminal B | |
Intratumoral TILs | TNBC and |
Luminal A | - | |
Non-tumor | ||||
Lymphoid aggregates | HER-2 | Luminal A | - | - |
Luminal B | TNBC | Luminal A | - | |
Collagen fibers | Luminal A | HER-2 | Luminal B | - |
Luminal A | TNBC | - | - |
Each metric is the average value of five cross-validation runs, and the values in parentheses correspond to the standard deviation. AI, artificial intelligence; AUROC, area under the receiver operating characteristics; KG, Korea University Guro Hospital; TCGA, The Cancer Genomic Atlas.
Values are presented as percentage. HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer.
HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer. The conjunction “and” does not indicate any significant statistical difference between the subtypes.