Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer in Korea

Hyeon Jin Park; Eun-Kyeong Moon; Ju Young Yoon; Chang-Mo Oh; Kyu-Won Jung; Byung Kiu Park; Hee Young Shin; Young-Joo Won

doi:10.4143/crt.2015.290

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Cancer Res Treat > Volume 48(3); 2016 > Article

Original Article Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer in Korea: Hyeon Jin Park, MD, PhD¹, Eun-Kyeong Moon, MPH², Ju Young Yoon, MD, MS¹, Chang-Mo Oh, MD, PhD², Kyu-Won Jung, MS², Byung Kiu Park, MD, PhD¹, Hee Young Shin, MD, PhD³, Young-Joo Won, PhD²; Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2016;48(3):869-882.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.290
Published online: January 21, 2016

¹Center for Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

²Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

³Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence: Hee Young Shin, MD, PhD Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
Tel: 82-2-2072-2917 Fax: 82-2-3675-0999 E-mail: hyshin@snu.ac.kr

Co-correspondence: Young-Joo Won, PhD Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10408, Korea
Tel: 82-31-920-2015 Fax: 82-31-920-2179 E-mail: astra67@ncc.re.kr

• Received: August 2, 2015 • Accepted: November 7, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

19,197 Views
450 Download
69 Web of Science
81 Crossref
79 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract

Purpose
An epidemiologic study of childhood cancer would provide useful information on cancer etiology and development of management guidelines.
Materials and Methods
Data from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database were used to examine the incidence and survival of cancer in patients aged 0-14 years. Patients were grouped according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition. Age-specific and age-standardized incidences per million and estimated annual percentage change (APC) were calculated by sex and age. Five-year relative survival was calculated for four periods from 1993 to 2011.
Results
The study comprised 15,113 patients with malignant neoplasms. Age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers were 134.9 per million children in 1999-2011 and 144.0 and 124.9 per million for males and females, respectively (M/F ratio, 1.2; p < 0.05). The highest incidences were observed for ‘leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases’ (group I) (46.4), ‘central nervous system neoplasms’ (group III) (18.3), and ‘lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms’ (group II) (13.4). Age-standardized incidence increased from 117.9 in 1999 to 155.3 in 2011, with an APC of 2.4% (95% confidence interval, 2.1 to 2.7). There was a significant increase of APC in ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV) (5.6%) and ‘other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas’ (group XI) (5.6%). The 5-year relative survival rate for all childhood cancers improved significantly from 56.2% (1993-1995) to 78.2% (2007-2011) (males, 56.7% to 77.7%; females, 55.5% to 78.8%).
Conclusion
This study provides reliable information on incidence and survival trends for childhood cancer in Korea.
Key words: Neoplasms, Child, Incidence, Survival, Korea

Introduction

The incidence of cancer in children younger than 15 years of age varies among countries worldwide. Despite dramatic improvements in therapeutics and early detection, cancer remains the second most common cause of childhood death in developed countries [1]. In some developed countries, such as Australia, Ireland, Switzerland, and the United States, childhood cancer incidence rates of 140-160 per million children have been reported [2-4]. According to a GLOBOCAN estimation of cancer rates in 2012, leukemia was the most common childhood malignancy worldwide, followed by malignancies of the brain and nervous system, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, renal tumors, and Hodgkin lymphomas. However, the rank and outcome of the most common cancer types varied among countries.

Cancer is also the second leading cause of childhood death in Korea. However, an epidemiologic study of cancer in children aged 0-14 years has never been conducted. We conducted the first nationwide study describing the incidence and survival of all childhood cancers in Korea.

Materials and Methods

1. Data sources

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (NCC 2015-0069). Data on childhood cancer incidence and survival in Korea were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence database in the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR).

The KCCR was initiated by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare in 1980 and collected cancer cases from more than 180 hospitals in Korea annually until 1998. These data represent 80%-90% of cancer incidence in Korea and have been collected on the entire Korean population since 1999 through a population-based cancer registry program [5].

The KCCR collects data on variables including age, sex, first diagnosis date, primary tumor site, morphology, method of diagnosis, and stage at diagnosis. KCCR statistics from 1999-2002 and 2003-2007 have been published in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents volumes IX and X (http://ci5.iarc.fr/Default.aspx), in which the completeness and validity of the incidence data were assessed.

The incidence rates of cancer in children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed in 1999-2011 were calculated. For estimation of cancer survival, data on childhood cancer in 1993-2011 were obtained from the KCCR, and patients’ vital status was followed up until December 31, 2012.

2. Case definition

To enable comparison with several previous studies of childhood cancer, the age group in this study was 0-14 years old [6-8]. Diagnoses were grouped into 12 main diagnostic groups and 47 subgroups according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition (ICCC-3) [9], which is based on the International Classification of Disease for Oncology, 3rd edition (ICD-O-3). The ICCC scheme, which is based on cancer topography and morphology, was specifically established for classification of tumors in children.

3. Statistical methods

1) Incidence

Frequencies, percent distribution, crude incidence rates and annual percent change (APC) were computed by sex and age group (< 1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, and 10-14 years). Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) in males and females were estimated by the direct method using world standard population defined by the World Health Organization for age groups 0-14 years. The male/female ratio of the ASRs was also calculated. Cancer incidence trends were based on the APC, which was estimated using the following formula: 100×(e^β–1), where β is the slope calculated from a linear regression of log ASRs in a calendar year (http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2010/).

2) Survival

The 5-year survival rate for each diagnostic group was analyzed based on relative survival for the following time periods: 1993-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, and 2007-2011. These time periods were chosen to enable direct comparison with earlier studies [10,11]. The relative survival rates for each diagnostic group were calculated by dividing the observed survival by expected survival among comparable groups in the general population according to the Ederer II method. The survival rates were calculated by “complete analysis,” which included “right-censored” patients. This analysis provided more up-to-date and precise survival rates in long-term survival, due to inclusion of the early survival experience of more recently recruited patients [12].

Trends in 5-year relative survival rates by time period were assessed using a relative excess risk model [13]. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS ver. 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).

Results

1. Incidence

A total of 15,113 cancer patients aged 0-14 years were diagnosed in 1999-2011, and the average annual incidence was 1,163 cases; 8,435 patients (55.8%) were males, and 6,678 (44.2%) were females. The age distribution was as follows: < 1 year, 1,740 (11.5%); 1-4 years, 4,694 (31.1%); 5-9 years, 3,814 (25.2%); and 10-14 years, 4,865 (32.2%). The most common cancer was ‘leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases’ (group I), which accounted for 34.2% of all cancers in both sexes (males, 35.5%; females, 32.7%); ‘lymphoid leukemia’ (group I.a) represented almost one third of this group. ‘Leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases’ (group I), ‘central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms’ (group III), and ‘lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms’ (group II) accounted for more than half of all childhood cancer cases (Fig. 1).

Between 1999 and 2011, the age-standardized incidence rate of all cancers was 144.0 and 124.9 per million for males and females, respectively. Higher cancer incidence was observed in males (male/female ratio, 1.2; p < 0.05). The higher rate among males was due to a substantially higher incidence of ‘lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms’ (group II) (male, 16.9 per million; female, 9.6 per million). The highest incidence rate was observed in children < 1 year old (277.3 per million), followed by those aged 1-4 years (164.9 per million), 10-14 years (111.7 per million), and 5-9 years (92.8 per million) (Table 1). The higher rate among children < 1 year old was largely due to a substantially higher incidence rate of ‘leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases’ (group I) (63.7 per million), ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV) (55.6 per million) and CNS neoplasms (group III) (26.1 per million).

Incidence trends showed a significant increase between 1999 and 2011 (APC: 2.4% per year in both sexes; 2.3% per year in males; 2.6% per year in females) (Fig. 2). The incidence of most cancer types showed an increasing trend, with the exception of ‘other and unspecified malignant neoplasms’ (group XII) (APC, –7.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], –12.2 to –2.3). There was a significant increase of APC in ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV, 5.6%) and ‘other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas’ (group XI, 5.6%). However, in assessment by diagnostic group, the incidence of different cancer types varied between males and females. Among males, the highest increase in incidence was observed for ‘other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas’ (group XI) (APC, 6.1%; 95% CI, 1.1 to 11.3), followed by ‘lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms’ (group II) (APC, 4.8%; 95% CI, 2.4 to 7.2) and ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV) (APC, 4.3%; 95% CI, 1.5 to 7.2). Among females, the highest increase in incidence was observed for ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV) (APC, 7%; 95% CI, 4.9 to 9.3), followed by ‘other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas’ (group XI) (APC, 5%; 95% CI, –0.1 to 10.5) and ‘soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas’ (group IX) (APC, 4.3%; 95% CI, 1.1 to 7.6) (Fig. 2).

2. Survival

The survival analysis comprised 20,523 children diagnosed with cancer in 1993-2011 (males, 11,644; females, 8,879). Table 2 shows the 5-year relative survival rates and the number of cases in each of the five time periods (1993-1995, 1996-2000, 2001-2005, 2006-2010, and 2007-2011). In analysis by 12 main diagnostic group, ‘leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases’ (group I) and ‘neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors’ (group IV) showed the most marked improvements in survival, from 47.4% and 43.2% in 1993-1995 to 75.4% and 73.9% in 2007-2011, respectively. Survival rates for ‘retinoblastoma’ (group V) and ‘other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas’ (group XI) consistently exceeded 80%-90% for all periods measured. The lowest improvement in survival rate was observed for ‘CNS neoplasms’ (group III).

For all childhood cancers, the 5-year relative survival rate increased significantly, from 56.2% in 1993-1995 to 78.2% in 2007-2011 (p < 0.05), with significant improvements in both males (from 56.7% in 1993-1995 to 77.7% in 2007-2011; p < 0.05) and females (from 55.5% in 1993-1995 to 78.8% in 2007-2011) (p < 0.05) and for all age groups tested (Fig. 3). The improvement in the 5-year relative survival rate was slightly higher for females (23.3%) compared with males (21.0%). Among males, 5-year relative survival improved from 60.6% in 1993-1995 to 76.4% in 2007-2011 in children aged < 1 year, from 54.9% to 82.9% in children aged 1-4 years, from 52.0% to 77.0% in children aged 5-9 years, and from 54.0% to 75.4% in children aged 10-14 years. Among females, 5-year relative survival improved from 48.6% in 1993-1995 to 73.5% in 2007-2011 in children aged < 1 year, from 53.1% to 77.6% in children aged 1-4 years, from 55.0% to 76.6% in children aged 5-9 years, and from 56.1% to 80.3% in children aged 10-14 years (Fig. 3).

Discussion

Epidemiologic studies of childhood cancer can provide useful information. By understanding the age distribution of cancer, we can identify the likely period of initiation of various tumors, which can provide insights regarding their etiology. For example, childhood cancer incidence rate is the highest in infancy when embryonal neoplasms such as neuroblastoma predominate, indicating that many childhood cancers result from aberrations in early developmental processes [14]. Further, as children may be more vulnerable to environmental exposures because their organs are developing rapidly. The studies of childhood cancer etiology will provide useful information in terms of evaluating the risks and causal roles of environmental factors. In addition, survival data are useful in the development of surveillance programs for childhood cancer survivors, and survival trends can be used to evaluate progress in relation to treatment. However, there have been few nationwide epidemiological reports on childhood cancer providing reliable data over an extended period, particularly for Asian countries.

The KCCR is a national, population-based registry in South Korea. Annual incidence, survival, and prevalence rates of all cancers in Korea have been reported by the KCCR. In addition, a recent study provided epidemiological data on cancer in adolescents and young adults in Korea [11]. However, our study is the first to report cancer statistics for children younger than 15 years old in South Korea.

In comparison with other countries, our study found that the overall incidence of childhood cancer in South Korea was higher than that in other Asian countries such as China [15] and Thailand [16]. However, the incidence was lower than in countries in North America [2,7] and Europe [17]. The reason for this worldwide variability in childhood cancer incidence is unclear. In general, low- and middle-income countries have lower rates of childhood cancer than developed countries, which can be explained in part by underdiagnosis and under-reporting in these countries [18]. In the United States, childhood cancer incidence differs between racial and ethnic groups; in 2006-2010, the incidence rate was lowest in an American Indian/native Alaskan group (111.7 per million) and highest in a non-Hispanic White group (178.2 per million) [19]. These racial/ethnic differences may be attributable to differences in genetic predisposition as well as environmental exposure [20].

In our study, the proportions of childhood cancer subtypes differed between age groups. In infants (aged < 1 year), the most frequent cancer was neuroblastoma/ganglioneuroblastoma, followed by lymphoid leukemia. In children older than 1 year of age, lymphoid leukemia was the most common cancer.

The incidence rate of lymphoid leukemias was 28.3 per million in our study; in other countries, this ranged from 28 per million [17] to 40.8 per million [4]. In our study, incidence peaked around 3 years of age in both sexes (males, 55.7 per million; females, 60.4 per million). Similar peaks were also observed in data from white populations in the UK and United States in the early 20th century [21] and in recent studies conducted in Argentina [6]. The incidence of certain types of cancer is disproportionately high in some areas compared with overall incidence. For example, in sub-Saharan Africa, Burkitt lymphoma accounts for 25%-50% of all new childhood cancers, which can be explained by endemic Epstein-Barr virus [22].

In South Korea, incidence of childhood cancer increased by 2.4% annually from 1999 to 2011. It is possible that improvements in diagnostic technologies are leading to increased detection rates and thus increased incidence rates. Another possible reason for this increase is easy accessibility to hospital and treatment. Early studies in developed countries, based on data from the mid- to late-1970s, show increasing trends in incidence of childhood cancer [23,24]; however, more recent data from the United States (1992-2004) [2], Australia (1983-2006) [4], and Canada (1992-2006) [7] show a plateau in childhood cancer incidence.

In this study, the incidence of most cancer subtypes showed an increasing trend; however, the incidence of ‘other and unspecified malignant neoplasms’ decreased annually (APC, –7.4%). This can be explained in part by improvements in diagnostic methods and in the quality of characterization, leading to more specific diagnoses. In the study of cancer incidence in Korean adolescents and young adults (aged 15-29 years), cancer incidence also increased over time, and the rate of increment was steeper (APC, 6.3%) [11].

In this study, the overall 5-year cancer survival rate was 78.2% for 2007-2011. This rate is lower than that of developed countries such as Italy [25] and the United States [19], but higher compared with developing countries in Asia such as China [15] and Thailand [16] (although the time periods are slightly different between these studies). These disparities may be caused by multiple factors, with a country’s economic status being one contributor. In countries with a high economic status, children are more likely to have access to health insurance and to receive a timely diagnosis and high quality treatment and supportive care, and parents are more likely to have a high level of disease knowledge and adherence to therapy, all of which contribute to improved childhood cancer survival rates [20].

The current survival rate in South Korea is similar to that of the United States from 1995 to 1999 [23] and of Britain from 1998 to 2005 [8]. In the United States, the 5-year survival rate increased from 79.3% in 1995-1999 to 83.1% in 2004-2010 [19,23]. This implies that improvements in the survival rate are possible in South Korea, and efforts should be made to achieve this.

In this study, survival rates varied between cancer subtype, increasing steadily from 1993-2011 for lymphoid leukemias and neuroblastoma, but with little change since 2005 for CNS tumors, soft tissue sarcoma, or osteosarcoma. Efforts to improve survival should be continued, especially for cancers with low survival rates such as CNS tumors.

In this study, it was not possible to describe long-term trends for incidence and survival due to the relatively short existence of the official population-based cancer registry in Korea. Another limitation is that information on cancer stage or treatment was not included.

Conclusion

This study provides reliable information on incidence and survival trends for childhood cancers, providing a more comprehensive understanding of these cancers. The results from this study will be useful for professionals related with childhood cancer in the development of optimized healthcare services for childhood cancer patients and survivors.

NOTES

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a research grant from the National Cancer Center (No. 1310220) and a Korea Childhood Leukemia Foundation 2013 Grant (No. 201302).

Fig. 1.

Cancer incidence by diagnostic groups in children (0-14 years of age) in Korea, 1999-2011. MPD, myeloproliferative diseases; MDD, myelodysplastic diseases; CNS, central nervous system.

Fig. 2.

Annual percent change of cancer incidence by diagnostic groups in children (0-14 years of age) in Korea, 1999-2011. MPD, myeloproliferative diseases; MDD, myelodysplastic diseases; CNS, central nervous system. ^*p < 0.05.

Fig. 3.

Trends in relative survivalrate (RSR) of childhood cancerin Korea according to age and the time period, 1993-2011. (A) Both sexes. (B) Male. (C) Female.

Table 1.

Number of cases, crude incidence rates, and age-standardized rates (ASR) per million of childhood cancers in Korea for the period 1999-2011

Diagnostic group (ICCC-3)	Total											Male ASR	Female ASR	M/F ratio^a)
	0 yr		1-4 yr		5-9 yr		10-14 yr		0-14 yr
	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	ASR
All cancers	1,740	277.3	4,694	164.9	3,814	92.8	4,865	111.7	15,113	126.6	134.9	144.0	124.9	1.2^*
I. Leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases	400	63.7	1,861	65.4	1,491	36.3	1,424	32.7	5,176	43.4	46.4	50.9	41.4	1.2^*
a. Lymphoid leukemias	145	23.1	1,319	46.3	929	22.6	734	16.9	3,127	26.2	28.3	31.0	25.4	1.2^*
b. Acute myeloid leukemias	116	18.5	330	11.6	349	8.5	454	10.4	1,249	10.5	10.8	11.7	9.8	1.2^*
c. Chronic myeloproliferative diseases	21	3.3	29	1.0	62	1.5	93	2.1	205	1.7	1.7	2.1	1.3	1.6
d. Myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases	54	8.6	67	2.4	57	1.4	47	1.1	225	1.9	2.2	2.8	1.5	1.9^*
e. Unspecified and other specified leukemias	64	10.2	116	4.1	94	2.3	96	2.2	370	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.5	0.9
II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms	81	12.9	369	13.0	498	12.1	673	15.5	1,621	13.6	13.4	16.9	9.6	1.8^*
a. Hodgkin disease	-	-	12	0.4	38	0.9	105	2.4	155	1.3	1.1	1.4	0.8	1.8^*
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma)	15	2.4	118	4.1	255	6.2	370	8.5	758	6.3	5.9	7.2	4.5	1.6^*
c. Burkitt lymphoma	1	0.2	78	2.7	104	2.5	95	2.2	278	2.3	2.3	3.6	0.9	4.0^*
d. Miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms	55	8.8	125	4.4	57	1.4	45	1.0	282	2.4	2.8	3.0	2.5	1.2^*
e. Unspecified lymphomas	10	1.6	36	1.3	44	1.1	58	1.3	148	1.2	1.2	1.6	0.8	1.9^*
III. CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	164	26.1	566	19.9	736	17.9	655	15.0	2,121	17.8	18.3	19.7	16.8	1.2^*
a. Ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors	22	3.5	103	3.6	61	1.5	31	0.7	217	1.8	2.1	2.1	2.0	1.0
b. Astrocytomas	24	3.8	88	3.1	142	3.5	184	4.2	438	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.5	1.1
c. Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors	57	9.1	230	8.1	266	6.5	191	4.4	744	6.2	6.6	7.5	5.5	1.4^*
d. Other gliomas	11	1.8	48	1.7	110	2.7	97	2.2	266	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2	1.0
e. Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	7	1.1	12	0.4	11	0.3	13	0.3	43	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	1.2
f. Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	43	6.9	85	3.0	146	3.6	139	3.2	413	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.2	1.2^*
IV. Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors	349	55.6	565	19.8	121	2.9	34	0.8	1,069	9.0	11.6	11.8	11.4	1.0
a. Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma	349	55.6	562	19.7	117	2.8	28	0.6	1,056	8.8	11.5	11.7	11.4	1.0
b. Other peripheral nervous cell tumors	-	-	3	0.1	4	0.1	6	0.1	13	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	2.0^*
V. Retinoblastoma	141	22.5	255	9.0	15	0.4	-	-	411	3.4	4.6	4.8	4.4	1.1^*
VI. Renal tumors	126	20.1	282	9.9	90	2.2	27	0.6	525	4.4	5.5	5.4	5.7	0.9
a. Nephroblastoma and other nonepithelial renal tumors	121	19.3	261	9.2	79	1.9	11	0.3	472	4.0	5.0	4.8	5.2	0.9
b. Renal carcinomas	-	-	5	0.2	9	0.2	15	0.3	29	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	1.1
c. Unspecified malignant renal tumors	5	0.8	16	0.6	2	0.0	1	0.0	24	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	1.5^*
VII. Hepatic tumors	99	15.8	144	5.1	45	1.1	45	1.0	333	2.8	3.4	3.6	3.3	1.1^*
a. Hepatoblastoma	90	14.3	114	4.0	23	0.6	7	0.2	234	2.0	2.6	2.8	2.3	1.2^*
b. Hepatic carcinomas	3	0.5	17	0.6	20	0.5	37	0.8	77	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	1.0
c. Unspecified malignant hepatic tumors	6	1.0	13	0.5	2	0.0	1	0.0	22	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.6
VIII. Malignant bone tumors	13	2.1	71	2.5	219	5.3	595	13.7	898	7.5	6.6	6.7	6.5	1.0
a. Osteosarcomas	-	-	20	0.7	144	3.5	443	10.2	607	5.1	4.3	4.4	4.2	1.1^*
b. Chondrosarcomas	-	-	-	-	1	0.0	24	0.6	25	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	1.1
c. Ewing tumors and related sarcomas of bone	9	1.4	30	1.1	49	1.2	81	1.9	169	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	0.9
d. Other specified malignant bone tumors	1	0.2	6	0.2	9	0.2	18	0.4	34	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.7
e. Unspecified malignant bone tumors	3	0.5	15	0.5	16	0.4	29	0.7	63	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.1
IX. Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas	96	15.3	221	7.8	192	4.7	320	7.3	829	6.9	7.2	7.9	6.5	1.2^*
a. Rhabdomyosarcomas	42	6.7	151	5.3	101	2.5	85	2.0	379	3.2	3.5	3.9	3.1	1.2^*
b. Fibrosarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors and other fibrous neopla는	23	3.7	13	0.5	15	0.4	38	0.9	89	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.7	1.4^*
c. Kaposi sarcoma	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
d. Other specified soft tissue sarcomas	24	3.8	41	1.4	59	1.4	160	3.7	284	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.2	1.1
e. Unspecified soft tissue sarcomas	7	1.1	16	0.6	17	0.4	37	0.8	77	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	1.2^*
X. Germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, and neoplasms of gonads	178	28.4	200	7.0	227	5.5	547	12.6	1,152	9.6	9.8	9.7	9.9	1.0
a. Intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors	11	1.8	9	0.3	111	2.7	273	6.3	404	3.4	2.9	3.9	1.9	2.0^*
b. Malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors	103	16.4	43	1.5	7	0.2	17	0.4	170	1.4	1.9	1.4	2.5	0.5
c. Malignant gonadal germ cell tumors	59	9.4	142	5.0	104	2.5	220	5.1	525	4.4	4.6	4.3	4.9	0.9
d. Gonadal carcinomas	1	0.2	2	0.1	1	0.0	21	0.5	25	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.2
e. Other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors	4	0.6	4	0.1	4	0.1	16	0.4	28	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.8
XI. Other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas	5	0.8	27	0.9	121	2.9	479	11.0	632	5.3	4.5	3.1	6.1	0.5
a. Adrenocortical carcinomas	2	0.3	8	0.3	5	0.1	1	0.0	16	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.3	0.1
b. Thyroid carcinomas	-	-	1	0.0	45	1.1	242	5.6	288	2.4	2.0	0.8	3.3	0.2
c. Nasopharyngeal carcinomas	-	-	-	-	5	0.1	35	0.8	40	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1	4.1^*
d. Malignant melanomas	2	0.3	9	0.3	11	0.3	17	0.4	39	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.6
e. Skin carcinomas	-	-	4	0.1	11	0.3	16	0.4	31	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.9
f. Other and unspecified carcinomas	1	0.2	5	0.2	44	1.1	168	3.9	218	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.7	0.8
XII. Other and unspecified malignant neoplasms	88	14.0	133	4.7	59	1.4	66	1.5	346	2.9	3.4	3.6	3.2	1.1^*
a. Other specified malignant tumors	3	0.5	25	0.9	8	0.2	9	0.2	45	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.6
b. Other unspecified malignant tumors	85	13.5	108	3.8	51	1.2	57	1.3	301	2.5	3.0	3.3	2.7	1.2^*

ICCC-3, International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition; CR, crude incidence rate (per million), ASR, age standardized incidence rate (per million).

^* p < 0.05.

^a) M/F ratio=male ASR/female ASR.

Table 2.

Five-year relative survival rates for childhood cancer in Korea in 1993-2011 according to ICCC-3 diagnostic groups

Diagnostic group (ICCC-3)	Total										Change^*
	1993-1995		1996-2000		2001-2005		2006-2010		2007-2011
	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)
All cancers	2,921	56.2	5,441	64.1	5,563	72.3	5,496	77.2	5,481	78.2	22.0^*
I. Leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases	1,076	47.4	1,944	58.4	1,999	68.2	1,875	74.9	1,883	75.4	28.0^*
a. Lymphoid leukemias	665	57.3	1192	67.7	1215	77	1,164	80.6	1,156	81	23.7^*
b. Acute myeloid leukemias	250	26.5	504	41.8	494	50.9	424	58.9	435	59.7	33.2^*
c. Chronic myeloproliferative diseases	38	34.3	81	47	66	66.7	84	88.5	88	86.1	51.8
d. Myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases	6	100.4	24	66.8	99	62.8	85	75.3	98	75.6	-24.8
e. Unspecified and other specified leukemias	117	37.7	143	44.1	125	56.9	118	66.4	106	69.1	31.4^*
II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms	252	64.1	495	71.9	606	82.9	624	83.5	642	86.6	22.5^*
a. Hodgkin disease	26	84.8	37	94.7	60	95.1	62	93.4	61	95.1	10.3
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma)	107	58.1	246	69.6	286	78.4	310	74.9	300	78.8	20.7^*
c. Burkitt lymphoma	18	72.4	71	77.6	100	86.1	121	86	120	87.4	15.0
d. Miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms	28	46.6	59	69.7	89	91.2	107	98.3	140	99.4	52.8^*
e. Unspecified lymphomas	73	70	82	64.8	71	76.2	24	91.8	21	90.6	20.6
III. CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	443	48.7	775	46.7	798	54.7	759	57.3	734	59	10.3^*
a. Ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors	27	55.7	83	58	80	66.3	81	66.6	78	70.2	14.5
b. Astrocytomas	104	54.9	179	48.7	159	56.7	151	53.6	157	51.1	-3.8
c. Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors	128	49.4	251	55.1	302	57.4	275	60.9	278	60.4	11.0
d. Other gliomas	41	68.5	73	46.7	88	45.5	134	43.9	119	49.7	-18.8^*
e. Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	6	33.5	19	26.4	12	50.1	17	53	15	66.1	32.6
f. Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	137	36.6	170	28.9	157	47.2	101	64.3	87	69.9	33.3^*
IV. Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors	151	43.2	373	54.9	354	70.3	364	71.5	360	73.9	30.7^*
a. Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma	145	43.6	361	54.2	351	70	359	71.7	354	73.9	30.3^*
b. Other peripheral nervous cell tumors	6	33.4	12	75.2	3	100.1	5	57.2	6	71.5	38.1
V. Retinoblastoma	103	90.7	173	88.8	185	95.4	136	97.3	137	95.5	4.8^*
VI. Renal tumors	112	78.1	225	78.5	192	86.1	193	91.8	184	94.1	16.0^*
a. Nephroblastoma and other nonepithelial renal tumors	88	83.4	193	80.6	180	86.9	178	92.2	170	93.6	10.2^*
b. Renal carcinomas	5	40.1	9	66.8	8	75.1	10	100.1	11	100.1	60.0^*
c. Unspecified malignant renal tumors	19	63.5	23	65.5	4	75.1	5	60.1	3	100.1	36.6
VII. Hepatic tumors	60	48.5	145	59.5	117	66.8	110	71.2	117	69.5	21.0^*
a. Hepatoblastoma	26	65.8	79	72.5	87	76.1	86	77.7	93	76.1	10.3
b. Hepatic carcinomas	19	36.9	42	35.8	24	33.4	20	43.4	20	38.9	2.0
c. Unspecified malignant hepatic tumors	15	33.5	24	58.6	6	66.8	4	75.1	4	75.1	41.6
VIII. Malignant bone tumors	184	57.2	292	65.8	322	68.1	353	75.3	339	77.4	20.2^*
a. Osteosarcomas	132	55.4	205	64.9	222	68.5	249	78.6	241	81.5	26.1^*
b. Chondrosarcomas	4	75.2	9	66.8	8	75.1	12	91.8	12	91	15.8
c. Ewing tumors and related sarcomas of bone	16	50.1	49	67.4	58	53.5	59	56.1	57	58.5	8.4
d. Other specified malignant bone tumors	4	75.2	6	66.8	13	100.1	13	66.4	10	55.2	-20.0
e. Unspecified malignant bone tumors	28	64.4	23	69.7	21	81	20	90.1	19	89.6	25.2
IX. Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas	146	57	243	68.5	292	72.7	277	78.2	281	77.2	20.2^*
a. Rhabdomyosarcomas	70	48.7	129	62.2	139	64.9	115	75.6	115	78.8	30.1^*
b. Fibrosarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and other fibrous neoplasms	15	66.9	20	85.2	37	75.9	32	84.2	31	79.4	12.5
c. Kaposi sarcoma	-	-	2	50.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
d. Other specified soft tissue sarcomas	49	69.6	64	73.6	92	78.3	102	82.5	106	79.3	9.7
e. Unspecified soft tissue sarcomas	12	41.8	28	75.2	24	91.8	28	65.8	29	60.8	19.0
X. Germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, and neoplasms of gonads	196	79.4	433	88.3	408	92.8	454	93.8	452	94.6	15.2^*
a. Intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors	44	68.3	104	75.2	138	84.2	174	89	160	89.9	21.6^*
b. Malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors	31	55.2	73	85.4	49	96.4	62	95.4	70	97.4	42.2^*
c. Malignant gonadal germ cell tumors	97	90.1	228	95	201	97.7	200	98	206	98.5	8.4^*
d. Gonadal carcinomas	8	75.2	12	83.5	8	87.7	9	77.8	10	69.4	-5.8
e. Other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors	16	94.2	16	93.9	12	100.2	9	100.1	6	100.1	5.9
XI. Other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas	91	87	214	83.8	177	84.8	284	94.8	290	93.8	6.8^*
a. Adrenocortical carcinomas	2	50.1	4	50.2	6	66.8	8	71.7	6	77.9	27.8
b. Thyroid carcinomas	37	100.2	90	96.8	77	100.1	134	100.1	148	100.1	-0.1
c. Nasopharyngeal carcinomas	10	100.3	8	75.1	8	62.6	21	88.5	21	85.4	-14.9
d. Malignant melanomas	7	85.9	10	70.2	7	71.5	22	86.5	23	91.1	5.2
e. Skin carcinomas	2	100.2	12	91.8	6	100.1	10	100.1	12	100.1	-0.1
f. Other and unspecified carcinomas	33	69.9	90	73.4	73	72.7	89	92	80	86.2	16.3
XII. Other and unspecified malignant neoplasms	107	52.6	129	73.1	113	79	67	83.9	62	80.4	27.8^*
a. Other specified malignant tumors	6	16.7	15	53.4	17	82.5	11	72.8	13	77	60.3^*
b. Other unspecified malignant tumors	101	54.7	114	75.7	96	78.4	56	86.3	49	82.1	27.4^*

ICCC-3, International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition; CNS, central nervous system.

^* p < 0.05 for trend.

^a) Relative survival rate (%).

REFERENCES

1. Siegel R, DeSantis C, Virgo K, Stein K, Mariotto A, Smith T, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:220–41. Article PubMed
2. Linabery AM, Ross JA. Trends in childhood cancer incidence in the U.S. (1992-2004). Cancer. 2008;112:416–32. Article PubMed
3. Michel G, von der Weid NX, Zwahlen M, Redmond S, Strippoli MP, Kuehni CE, et al. Incidence of childhood cancer in Switzerland: the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:46–51. Article PubMed
4. Baade PD, Youlden DR, Valery PC, Hassall T, Ward L, Green AC, et al. Trends in incidence of childhood cancer in Australia, 1983-2006. Br J Cancer. 2010;102:620–6. Article PubMed PMC
5. Shin HR, Won YJ, Jung KW, Kong HJ, Yim SH, Lee JK, et al. Nationwide cancer incidence in Korea, 1999~2001; first result using the national cancer incidence database. Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37:325–31. Article PubMed PMC PDF
6. Moreno F, Loria D, Abriata G, Terracini B; ROHA network. Childhood cancer: incidence and early deaths in Argentina, 2000-2008. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:465–73. Article PubMed
7. Mitra D, Shaw AK, Hutchings K. Trends in incidence of childhood cancer in Canada, 1992-2006. Chronic Dis Inj Can. 2012;32:131–9. Article PubMed
8. Basta NO, James PW, Gomez-Pozo B, Craft AW, McNally RJ. Survival from childhood cancer in northern England, 1968-2005. Br J Cancer. 2011;105:1402–8. Article PubMed PMC
9. Steliarova-Foucher E, Stiller C, Lacour B, Kaatsch P. International Classification of Childhood Cancer, third edition. Cancer. 2005;103:1457–67. Article PubMed
10. Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Oh CM, Lee DH, Lee JS. Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2011. Cancer Res Treat. 2014;46:109–23. Article PubMed PMC PDF
11. Moon EK, Park HJ, Oh CM, Jung KW, Shin HY, Park BK, et al. Cancer incidence and survival among adolescents and young adults in Korea. PLoS One. 2014;9:e96088Article PubMed PMC
12. Brenner H, Gefeller O. Deriving more up-to-date estimates of long-term patient survival. J Clin Epidemiol. 1997;50:211–6. Article PubMed
13. Dickman PW, Sloggett A, Hills M, Hakulinen T. Regression models for relative survival. Stat Med. 2004;23:51–64. Article PubMed
14. Scheurer ME, Bondy ML, Gurney JG. pidemiology of childhood cancer. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. p. 2–16.
15. Bao PP, Zheng Y, Gu K, Wang CF, Wu CX, Jin F, et al. Trends in childhood cancer incidence and mortality in urban Shanghai, 1973-2005. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;54:1009–13. Article PubMed
16. Wiangnon S, Veerakul G, Nuchprayoon I, Seksarn P, Hongeng S, Krutvecho T, et al. Childhood cancer incidence and survival 2003-2005, Thailand: study from the Thai Pediatric Oncology Group. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011;12:2215–20. PubMed
17. Kaatsch P. Epidemiology of childhood cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2010;36:277–85. Article PubMed
18. Magrath I, Steliarova-Foucher E, Epelman S, Ribeiro RC, Harif M, Li CK, et al. Paediatric cancer in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:e104–16. Article PubMed
19. Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, Kohler B, Jemal A. Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:83–103. Article PubMed
20. Chow EJ, Puumala SE, Mueller BA, Carozza SE, Fox EE, Horel S, et al. Childhood cancer in relation to parental race and ethnicity: a 5-state pooled analysis. Cancer. 2010;116:3045–53. Article PubMed PMC
21. Brown WM, Doll R. Leukaemia in childhood and young adult life. Br Med J. 1961;1:981–8. Article PubMed PMC
22. Parkin DM, Sitas F, Chirenje M, Stein L, Abratt R, Wabinga H. Part I: Cancer in Indigenous Africans: burden, distribution, and trends. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9:683–92. Article PubMed
23. Linabery AM, Ross JA. Childhood and adolescent cancer survival in the US by race and ethnicity for the diagnostic period 1975-1999. Cancer. 2008;113:2575–96. Article PubMed PMC
24. Kaatsch P, Steliarova-Foucher E, Crocetti E, Magnani C, Spix C, Zambon P. Time trends of cancer incidence in European children (1978-1997): report from the Automated Childhood Cancer Information System project. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:1961–71. Article PubMed
25. Dama E, Pastore G, Mosso ML, Maule MM, Zuccolo L, Magnani C, et al. Time trends and prognostic factors for survival from childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont (Italy). Eur J Pediatr. 2006;165:240–9. Article PubMed

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Validation study of the Korean version of the neurocognitive questionnaire in the childhood cancer survivor study
Su-Min Jeong, JiHye Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Ki Woong Sung, Ji Won Lee, Yun-Mi Song
Child Neuropsychology.2026; 32(1): 56. CrossRef
IRANCANSURV: A comprehensive analysis of childhood cancer survival in Iran
Elnaz Saeedi, Saeed Nemati, Fereshte Lotfi, Allison Domingues, Sepideh Abdi, Habiballah Pirnejad, Maria Cheraghi, Abbas Rezaeianzadeh, Roya Dolatkhah, Nastaran Niami, Azam Bazarafshan, Arash Golpazir, Majid Yaghoobi‐Ashrafi, Saba Alvand, Zahra Ravankhah,
International Journal of Cancer.2026; 158(4): 866. CrossRef
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and childhood cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Jongmin Oh, Surabhi Shah, Jieun Min, Sohee Wang, Ji Hyen Lee, Yi Jun Kim, Byungmi Kim, Logan G. Spector, Philip J. Landrigan, Eun Sun Yoo, Eunhee Ha
Environmental Research.2026; 292: 123646. CrossRef
Patterns and trends in the incidence of leukemia in children and young adults in Northern England by age, sex, socioeconomic and urban–rural status
Aswathy Pullanur Karumampurath, Adam Errington, Paul Norman, Louise Hayes, Richard McNally
Leukemia & Lymphoma.2026; 67(4): 853. CrossRef
Effect of treadmill training on balance after chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Ragaee Saeed Mahmoud, Shymaa Yussuf Abo-Zaid, Ola Ahmed Kamal, Manal Mohammed Hassan, Sara Ibrahim Kabbash, Sarah Sami Abdelaziz, Reham Saeed Alsakhawi
Physiotherapy Quarterly.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in pediatric cancer survivors: risk and medication use in a nationwide population-based study
Jae Sik Kim, Jung Lee, Joo Ho Lee
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Technology-Dependent Children Living at Home in Korea: A Population-Based Analysis Using NHIS Claims Data
Ji Weon Lee, Cho Hee Kim, Nam Gu Lim, Min Sun Kim, Sun Young Lee
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiology and clinical features of childhood malignant solid tumors in a single center in southwest China over 24 years
Ting Li, Xiangpan Kong, Dawei He
BMC Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Pediatric Dentistry Consultations at Seoul Asan Medical Center for the Last 3 Years
Hyeri Yang, Soyeon Bak, Hyeonheon Lee
THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY.2025; 52(1): 21. CrossRef
Global population-based childhood cancer survival in the 21st century: a scoping review
Charles A. Stiller
Frontiers in Cancer Control and Society.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Qualitative Exploration of Resilience in Caregivers of Children with Leukemia in Kosovo Through the Lens of the Resilience Portfolio Model
Mjedra Bajraktari Deva, Kaltrina Kelmendi
Adversity and Resilience Science.2025; 6(3): 235. CrossRef
Epidemiology of childhood cancer in Asia
Kayo Nakata, Yin Ting Cheung, Miho Kato, Giang Nguyen Huong, Chun Sing Lam, Tomohiro Matsuda, Eva Steliarova-Foucher, Kathy Pritchard-Jones, Kimikazu Matsumoto, Akihiro Yoneda, Hiroki Hori, Akira Nakagawara, Chi-kong Li
eClinicalMedicine.2025; 89: 103554. CrossRef
Risk for neurocognitive impairment in Korean childhood cancer survivors
Ye-Sol Lee, Su-Min Jeong, Ki Woong Sung, Ji Won Lee, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Dong Wook Shin, Yun-Mi Song
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bruceantin and Brusatol: Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Promise of Quassinoids in Cancer Drug Discovery
Shumaila Ijaz, Javed Iqbal, Banzeer Ahsan Abbasi, Farishta Zarshan, Tabassum Yaseen, Zakir Ullah, Siraj Uddin, Sobia Kanwal, Tariq Mahmood, William N. Setzer, Javad Sharifi‐Rad, Daniela Calina
Archiv der Pharmazie.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Birth weight and neonatal morbidity as early-life risk factors for childhood cancer: a nationwide cohort study
Euiseok Jung, In Gyu Song, Youna Lim, Yoon-Min Cho, Seung Han Shin, Han-Suk Kim
BMC Pediatrics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Psychosocial Impact of Childhood Cancer and Guidelines for Intervention
Jung Lee
Journal of Clinical Psychooncology.2025; 11(1): 3. CrossRef
Parent caregivers’ preferences and satisfaction with currently provided childhood cancer survivorship care
Keun Hye Jeon, Dong Wook Shin, Ji Won Lee, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Ki Woong Sung, Yun-Mi Song
Journal of Cancer Survivorship.2024; 18(2): 617. CrossRef
Subjective Toxicity Profiles of Children With Cancer During Treatment
Haishan Ruan, Jiwen Sun, Kangjia Zhao, Mengxue He, Changrong Yuan, Lijuan Fu, Nanping Shen
Cancer Nursing.2024; 47(1): E1. CrossRef
Effects of Korean red ginseng on T-cell repopulation after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in childhood cancer patients
Kyung Taek Hong, Yeon Jun Kang, Jung Yoon Choi, Young Ju Yun, Il-Moo Chang, Hee Young Shin, Hyoung Jin Kang, Won-Woo Lee
Journal of Ginseng Research.2024; 48(1): 68. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Treatment-Related Amenorrhea in Female Survivors of Childhood and Adolescent Cancer: 10-Year Experiences at Oncofertility Clinic in Korean Tertiary Center
Soo Jin Park, Jung Yoon Choi, Hyoung Jin Kang, Yun Jeong Lee, Young Ah Lee, Ji Yeon Han, Sung Woo Kim, Hoon Kim, Seung-Yup Ku
Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology.2024; 13(1): 162. CrossRef
Ten-Year Trends of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Korean Pediatric Cancer from the National Health Insurance Claims Data
Hyery Kim, Hwa Jung Kim, Youngjun Jo, Su Hyun Yoon, Young Kwon Koh, Sunghan Kang, Kyung-Nam Koh, Ho Joon Im
Cancer Research and Treatment.2024; 56(1): 294. CrossRef
Association of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 with Bone Mineral Density in Survivors of Childhood Acute Leukemia
Seulki Kim, Jae Won Yoo, Jae Wook Lee, Min Ho Jung, Bin Cho, Byng-Kyu Suh, Moon Bae Ahn, Nack-Gyun Chung
Cancers.2024; 16(7): 1296. CrossRef
Trends in incidence and survival of childhood cancers in Khon Kaen, Thailand (2000–2019): a population-based Khon Kaen Cancer Registry study
Chanaporn Pinsuwan, Chalongpon Santong, Su-on Chainansamit, Patcharee Komvilaisak, Prapassara Sirikarn, Surachai Phimha, Kunanya Suwannaying
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
VisTA: vision transformer-attention enhanced CNN ensemble for optimized classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia benign and progressive malignant stages
Hasmitha Krishna Nunna, Ali Altable, Pallavi Gundala, Prasanna Kumar Rangarajan
International Journal of Information Technology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A POPULATION-BASED STUDY ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC AND CLINICAL PARAMETERS AMONG CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA SURVIVAL
Nabihah Ali, Saihpudin Saupin, Balqis Bahtiar, Shamsul Bahari Shamsudin
The Indonesian Journal of Public Health.2024; 19(2): 226. CrossRef
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Components in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Hye Young Jin, Jun Ah Lee, Meerim Park, Hyeon Jin Park
Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology.2023; 12(2): 224. CrossRef
Epidemiologic and Clinical Outcomes of Pediatric Renal Tumors in Korea: A Retrospective Analysis of The Korean Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Group (KPHOG) Data
Kyung-Nam Koh, Jung Woo Han, Hyoung Soo Choi, Hyoung Jin Kang, Ji Won Lee, Keon Hee Yoo, Ki Woong Sung, Hong Hoe Koo, Kyung Taek Hong, Jung Yoon Choi, Sung Han Kang, Hyery Kim, Ho Joon Im, Seung Min Hahn, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Hee-Jo Baek, Hoon Kook, Kyung Mi Pa
Cancer Research and Treatment.2023; 55(1): 279. CrossRef
The global prevalence of primary central nervous system tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Nader Salari, Hooman Ghasemi, Reza Fatahian, Kamran Mansouri, Sadat Dokaneheifard, Mohammad hossain Shiri, Mahvan Hemmati, Masoud Mohammadi
European Journal of Medical Research.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Medulloblastoma: Current Perspectives and Recent Advances
Jung Yoon Choi
Brain Tumor Research and Treatment.2023; 11(1): 28. CrossRef
Self-reported physical activity behaviors of childhood cancer survivors: comparison to a general adolescent population in Korea
Yohwan Yeo, Ji Won Lee, Dong Wook Shin, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Ki Woong Sung, Yun-Mi Song
Supportive Care in Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Current Status and Physicians’ Perspectives of Childhood Cancer Survivorship in Korea: A Nationwide Survey of Pediatric Hematologists/Oncologists
Ji Won Lee, Yohwan Yeo, Hee Young Ju, Hee Won Cho, Keon Hee Yoo, Ki Woong Sung, Hong Hoe Koo, Su-Min Jeong, Dong Wook Shin, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook, Nack-Gyun Chung, Bin Cho, Young Ae Kim, Hyeon Jin Park, Yun-Mi Song
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Antifungal Drug-Drug Interactions with Commonly Used Pharmaceutics in European Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Beata Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz, Małgorzata Salamonowicz-Bodzioch, Justyna Słonka, Krzysztof Kałwak
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(14): 4637. CrossRef
Incidence and pattern of childhood cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (2012–2017)
Amanuel Belay, Ahmed Ali, Wondimu Ayele, Mathewos Assefa, Ahmedin Jemal, Eva J. Kantelhardt
BMC Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of acute leukemia complications in children at the disease onset and during induction
E. S. Lygina, E. A. Andreeva, М. A. Rusina, Yu. V. Dinikina
Oncohematology.2023; 18(4): 213. CrossRef
Treatment outcome and prognostic factors in relapsed pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Jung Hwan Lee, Hee Young Ju, Ju Kyung Hyun, So Jin Kim, Hee Won Cho, Jae Kyung Lee, Ji Won Lee, Ki Woong Sung, Keon Hee Yoo
Blood Research.2023; 58(4): 181. CrossRef
Factors associated with the comprehensive needs of caregivers of childhood cancer survivors in Korea
Keun Hye Jeon, In Young Choi, In Young Cho, Dong Wook Shin, Ji Won Lee, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Ki Woong Sung, Yun-Mi Song
Journal of Cancer Survivorship.2022; 16(5): 948. CrossRef
Social inequalities in treatment receipt for childhood cancers in Ireland: A population‐based analysis
Michal Molcho, Audrey A. Thomas, Paul M. Walsh, Roderick Skinner, Linda Sharp
International Journal of Cancer.2022; 150(6): 941. CrossRef
Vincristine, Irinotecan, and Temozolomide as a Salvage Regimen for Relapsed or Refractory Sarcoma in Children and Young Adults
Hee Young Ju, Meerim Park, Jun Ah Lee, Hyeon Jin Park, Seog Yun Park, June Hyuk Kim, Hyun Guy Kang, Hee Chul Yang, Byung-Kiu Park
Cancer Research and Treatment.2022; 54(2): 563. CrossRef
Spiritual pain as part of the hospitalization experience of children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A phenomenological study
Encarna Gomez-Gamboa, Olga Rodrigo-Pedrosa, Maria Angeles Saz Roy, Ana Gomez-Rodriguez, Anna Negre Loscertales, Montserrat Puig Llobet
European Journal of Oncology Nursing.2022; 58: 102141. CrossRef
Favorable outcome of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with nonmetastatic osteosarcoma and low-degree necrosis
Kyung Taek Hong, Hyun Jin Park, Bo Kyung Kim, Hong Yul An, Jung Yoon Choi, Jung-Eun Cheon, Sung-Hye Park, Han-Soo Kim, Hyoung Jin Kang
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Trends in Pediatric Thyroid Cancer Incidence, Treatment, and Clinical Course in Korea During 2004–2016: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Young Ah Lee, Hyo Ri Yun, Juneyoung Lee, Hyemi Moon, Choong Ho Shin, Sin Gon Kim, Young Joo Park
Thyroid®.2021; 31(6): 902. CrossRef
Cancer Incidence and Survival among Adolescents and Young Adults in Korea: An Update for 2016
Meerim Park, Jiwon Lim, Jun Ah Lee, Byung Kiu Park, Kyu-Won Jung, Young-Joo Won, Hyeon Jin Park
Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(1): 32. CrossRef
Treatment Outcomes of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Yeungnam Region: A Multicenter Retrospective Study of the Study Alliance of Yeungnam Pediatric Hematology–Oncology (SAYPH)
Jae Min Lee, Eu Jeen Yang, Kyung Mi Park, Young-Ho Lee, Heewon Chueh, Jeong Ok Hah, Ji Kyoung Park, Jae Young Lim, Eun Sil Park, Sang Kyu Park, Heung Sik Kim, Ye Jee Shim, Jeong A. Park, Eun Jin Choi, Kun Soo Lee, Ji Yoon Kim, Young Tak Lim
Children.2021; 8(2): 109. CrossRef
Patterns and trends of cancer incidence in children and adolescents in China, 2011–2015: A population‐based cancer registry study
Kexin Sun, Rongshou Zheng, Siwei Zhang, Hongmei Zeng, Shaoming Wang, Ru Chen, Wenqiang Wei, Jie He
Cancer Medicine.2021; 10(13): 4575. CrossRef
Identification of a Seven-lncRNA-mRNA Signature for Recurrence and Prognostic Prediction in Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Based on WGCNA and LASSO Analyses
Haiyan Qi, Long Chi, Xiaogang Wang, Xing Jin, Wensong Wang, Jianping Lan, Ulises Urzua
Analytical Cellular Pathology.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Effectiveness and Safety of Clofarabine Monotherapy or Combination Treatment in Relapsed/Refractory Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Pragmatic, Non-interventional Study in Korea
Jung Yoon Choi, Che Ry Hong, Kyung Taek Hong, Hyoung Jin Kang, Seongkoo Kim, Jae Wook Lee, Pil Sang Jang, Nack-Gyun Chung, Bin Cho, Hyery Kim, Kyung-Nam Koh, Ho Joon Im, Jong Jin Seo, Seung Min Hahn, Jung Woo Han, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Eu Jeen Yang, Young Tak Li
Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(4): 1184. CrossRef
Living with the Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Treatment: A Descriptive Qualitative Study
Hye Chong Hong, Ari Min, Sungkyoung Choi
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8392. CrossRef
Profiling and potential cancer risk assessment on children exposed to PAHs in playground dust/soil: a comparative study on poured rubber surfaced and classical soil playgrounds in Seoul
Abhrajyoti Tarafdar, Min-Ju Oh, Quynh Nguyen-Phuong, Jung-Hwan Kwon
Environmental Geochemistry and Health.2020; 42(6): 1691. CrossRef
Neurocognitive impairment in Asian childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review
Liwen Peng, Perri Pui-Yan Yam, Lok Sum Yang, Satomi Sato, Chi Kong Li, Yin Ting Cheung
Cancer and Metastasis Reviews.2020; 39(1): 27. CrossRef
Pediatric Adenocarcinoma in Korea: A Multicenter Study
Hee-Beom Yang, Jung-Man Namgoong, Ki Hoon Kim, Dae Yeon Kim, Jinyoung Park, Hyun Beak Shin, Joong Kee Youn, Sanghoon Lee, Ji Won Lee, Sung Eun Jung, Jae Hee Chung, Yun-Mee Choe, Tae Gil Heo, In Geol Ho, Hyun-Young Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2020; 52(1): 117. CrossRef
Health behaviors of caregivers of childhood cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study
In Young Cho, Nack-Gyun Chung, Hee Jo Baek, Ji Won Lee, Ki Woong Sung, Dong Wook Shin, Jung Eun Yoo, Yun-Mi Song
BMC Cancer.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Global trends in incidence rates of childhood liver cancers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Paramita Dasgupta, Chloe Henshaw, Danny R. Youlden, Joanne F. Aitken, Ashleigh Sullivan, Helen Irving, Peter D. Baade
Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology.2020; 34(5): 609. CrossRef
Immunotherapy in Pediatric Solid Tumors
Jung Yoon Choi
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2020; 27(1): 22. CrossRef
Pediatric Palliative Care
Min Sun Kim
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2020; 27(1): 55. CrossRef
The Financial Burden Associated with Medical Costs among Childhood Cancer Patients and Their Families Related to Their Socioeconomic Status: The Perspective of National Health Insurance Service
Wonjeong Chae, Juyeong Kim, Sohee Park, Eun-Cheol Park, Sung-In Jang
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(17): 6020. CrossRef
Aerobic training versus strength exercises on muscle strength and quality of life for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Doaa Mohamed, Faten Abd Alazim, Elham Salem, Nesreen Ali, Dina Elgalaly
Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Symptom clusters in childhood cancer survivors in Korea: A latent class analysis
Hye Chong Hong, Young Man Kim, Ari Min
European Journal of Cancer Care.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Survival and long-term toxicities of pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma after combined modality treatment: a single institute experience
Kye Jin Song, Jin-hong Park, Ho Joon Im, Seung Do Ahn
Radiation Oncology Journal.2020; 38(3): 198. CrossRef
Looking into the life of technology-dependent children and their caregivers in Korea: lifting the burden of too many responsibilities
Yu Hyeon Choi, Min Sun Kim, Cho Hee Kim, In Gyu Song, June Dong Park, Dong In Suh, Hyung-Ik Shin
BMC Pediatrics.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Miyoung Kim, Chan-Jeoung Park
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2020; 27(2): 87. CrossRef
Childhood cancer epidemiology in the Czech Republic (1994–2016)
Denisa Krejci, Michaela Zapletalova, Ivana Svobodova, Viera Bajciova, Peter Mudry, Vratislav Smelhaus, Jaroslav Sterba, Jan Stary, Riccardo Capocaccia, Ladislav Dusek
Cancer Epidemiology.2020; 69: 101848. CrossRef
Advances in the Treatment of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Hyery Kim
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2019; 26(1): 12. CrossRef
Clinical ascertainment of health outcomes in Asian survivors of childhood cancer: a systematic review
Long Hin Jonathan Poon, Chun-Pong Yu, Liwen Peng, Celeste Lom-Ying Ewig, Hui Zhang, Chi-Kong Li, Yin Ting Cheung
Journal of Cancer Survivorship.2019; 13(3): 374. CrossRef
Ewing Sarcoma
Hee Young Ju
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2019; 26(1): 27. CrossRef
Temporal trends in incidence of childhood cancer in Switzerland, 1985–2014
Grit Sommer, Matthias Schindler, Shelagh Redmond, Verena Pfeiffer, Garyfallos Konstantinoudis, Roland A. Ammann, Marc Ansari, Heinz Hengartner, Gisela Michel, Claudia E. Kuehni
Cancer Epidemiology.2019; 61: 157. CrossRef
Influenza vaccination in caregivers of childhood cancer survivors
In Young Cho, Jung Eun Yoo, Hyeonyoung Ko, Dong Wook Shin, Ji Won Lee, Hee Jo Baek, Nack-Gyun Chung, Ki Woong Sung, Yun-Mi Song
Journal of Cancer Survivorship.2019; 13(6): 993. CrossRef
Worldwide Trends in Survival From Common Childhood Brain Tumors: A Systematic Review
Fabio Girardi, Claudia Allemani, Michel P. Coleman
Journal of Global Oncology.2019; (5): 1. CrossRef
Implementing Yogyakarta Pediatric Cancer Registry for 16 years
Sri Mulatsih, Adnina Hariningrum, Ignatius Purwanto, Rizki Oktasari
Paediatrica Indonesiana.2019; 59(4): 188. CrossRef
Improvement of treatment outcome over 2 decades in children with acute myeloid leukemia
Tae Yang Song, Sang Hoon Lee, Gun Kim, Hee Jo Baek, Tai Ju Hwang, Hoon Kook
Blood Research.2018; 53(1): 25. CrossRef
School performance of childhood cancer survivors in Korea: A multi‐institutional study on behalf of the Korean Society of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
Meerim Park, Hyeon Jin Park, Jae Min Lee, Hee Young Ju, Byung Kiu Park, Eun‐Seung Yu, Hyung‐Kook Yang, Ji Yoon Kim, Sang Kyu Park, Young Ho Lee, Ye Jee Shim, Heung Sik Kim, Jun Ah Lee, Yeon‐Jung Lim, Hee Won Cheuh, Ji Kyoung Park, Mee Jeong Lee, Soon Ki K
Psycho-Oncology.2018; 27(9): 2257. CrossRef
Second malignant neoplasms after childhood cancer: A nationwide population-based study in Korea
Hee Young Ju, Eun-Kyeong Moon, Jiwon Lim, Byung Kiu Park, Hee Young Shin, Young-Joo Won, Hyeon Jin Park, Samir M. Dalia
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(11): e0207243. CrossRef
Treatment outcome of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Yeungnam region: Multicenter retrospective study of Study Alliance of Yeungnam Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (SAYPH)
Eu Jeen Yang, Kyung Mi Park, Jae Min Lee, Jeong Ok Hah, Sang Kyu Park, Jin Kyung Suh, Ji Yoon Kim, Kun Soo Lee, Jikyoung Park, Eun Sil Park, Jaeyoung Lim, Ye Jee Shim, Heung Sik Kim, Seom Gim Kong, Heewon Chueh, Eun Jin Choi, Jeong A Park, Young Tak Lim
Pediatric Hematology and Oncology.2018; 35(4): 276. CrossRef
Neuroblastoma causes alterations of the intestinal microbiome, gut hormones, inflammatory cytokines, and bile acid composition
Christoph Castellani, Georg Singer, Margarita Kaiser, Thomas Kaiser, Jianfeng Huang, Daniela Sperl, Karl Kashofer, Guenter Fauler, Barbara Guertl‐Lackner, Gerald Höfler, Holger Till
Pediatric Blood & Cancer.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Childhood, adolescent and young adult cancer incidence in Japan in 2009–2011
Kota Katanoda, Akiko Shibata, Tomohiro Matsuda, Megumi Hori, Kayo Nakata, Yoshitaka Narita, Chitose Ogawa, Wataru Munakata, Akira Kawai, Hiroshi Nishimoto
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2017; 47(8): 762. CrossRef
Prognostic factors and treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Jae Wook Lee, Bin Cho
Korean Journal of Pediatrics.2017; 60(5): 129. CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome induced by anticancer treatment in childhood cancer survivors
Hee Won Chueh, Jae Ho Yoo
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2017; 22(2): 82. CrossRef
Awareness about past diagnosis and treatment history: nationwide survey of childhood cancer survivors and their parents
Eunmi Ahn, Hyeon Jin Park, Hee Jo Baek, Pyoung Han Hwang, Young Ho Lee, Byung-Kiu Park, Young So Kim, Hye-Young Shim, Dongwook Shin, Hyung Kook Yang, Jong Hyock Park, Kyung Duk Park
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2017; 47(10): 962. CrossRef
A Systematic Review of Interventions with Siblings of Pediatric Cancer Patients
Soo-yeon Han, Ji-Hye Hwang, Cho-hee Kim, Hye-young Jang, Kyung-Sook Bang
Child Health Nursing Research.2017; 23(3): 394. CrossRef
Gonadal and Sexual Dysfunction in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Ju Young Yoon, Hyeon Jin Park, Hee Young Ju, Jong Hyung Yoon, Jin Soo Chung, Sang Hyun Hwang, Dong Ock Lee, Hye Young Shim, Byung-Kiu Park
Cancer Research and Treatment.2017; 49(4): 1057. CrossRef
A multicenter study of malignant oral and maxillofacial lesions in children and adolescents
José Alcides Almeida de Arruda, Leni Verônica de Oliveira Silva, Camila de Nazaré Alves de Oliveira Kato, Lauren Frenzel Schuch, Aline Carvalho Batista, Nádia Lago Costa, Sandra Beatriz Chaves Tarquinio, Elena Riet Correa Rivero, Vinícius Coelho Carrard,
Oral Oncology.2017; 75: 39. CrossRef
Seasonal trends of diagnosis of childhood malignant diseases and viral prevalence in South Korea
Kyu Seok Shim, Min Hyung Kim, Choong Nam Shim, Minkyu Han, In Seok Lim, Soo Ahn Chae, Sin Weon Yun, Na Mi Lee, Dae Yong Yi, Hyery Kim
Cancer Epidemiology.2017; 51: 118. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer in Korea

Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):869-882. Published online January 21, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.290

XML Download

Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Trends and Outcomes of Lung Cancer Surgery in South Korea

Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer in Korea

Fig. 1. Cancer incidence by diagnostic groups in children (0-14 years of age) in Korea, 1999-2011. MPD, myeloproliferative diseases; MDD, myelodysplastic diseases; CNS, central nervous system.

Fig. 2. Annual percent change of cancer incidence by diagnostic groups in children (0-14 years of age) in Korea, 1999-2011. MPD, myeloproliferative diseases; MDD, myelodysplastic diseases; CNS, central nervous system. *p < 0.05.

Fig. 3. Trends in relative survivalrate (RSR) of childhood cancerin Korea according to age and the time period, 1993-2011. (A) Both sexes. (B) Male. (C) Female.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Incidence and Survival of Childhood Cancer in Korea

Diagnostic group (ICCC-3)	Total											Male ASR	Female ASR	M/F ratio^a)
	0 yr		1-4 yr		5-9 yr		10-14 yr		0-14 yr
	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	Cases	CR	ASR
All cancers	1,740	277.3	4,694	164.9	3,814	92.8	4,865	111.7	15,113	126.6	134.9	144.0	124.9	1.2^*
I. Leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases	400	63.7	1,861	65.4	1,491	36.3	1,424	32.7	5,176	43.4	46.4	50.9	41.4	1.2^*
a. Lymphoid leukemias	145	23.1	1,319	46.3	929	22.6	734	16.9	3,127	26.2	28.3	31.0	25.4	1.2^*
b. Acute myeloid leukemias	116	18.5	330	11.6	349	8.5	454	10.4	1,249	10.5	10.8	11.7	9.8	1.2^*
c. Chronic myeloproliferative diseases	21	3.3	29	1.0	62	1.5	93	2.1	205	1.7	1.7	2.1	1.3	1.6
d. Myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases	54	8.6	67	2.4	57	1.4	47	1.1	225	1.9	2.2	2.8	1.5	1.9^*
e. Unspecified and other specified leukemias	64	10.2	116	4.1	94	2.3	96	2.2	370	3.1	3.4	3.3	3.5	0.9
II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms	81	12.9	369	13.0	498	12.1	673	15.5	1,621	13.6	13.4	16.9	9.6	1.8^*
a. Hodgkin disease	-	-	12	0.4	38	0.9	105	2.4	155	1.3	1.1	1.4	0.8	1.8^*
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma)	15	2.4	118	4.1	255	6.2	370	8.5	758	6.3	5.9	7.2	4.5	1.6^*
c. Burkitt lymphoma	1	0.2	78	2.7	104	2.5	95	2.2	278	2.3	2.3	3.6	0.9	4.0^*
d. Miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms	55	8.8	125	4.4	57	1.4	45	1.0	282	2.4	2.8	3.0	2.5	1.2^*
e. Unspecified lymphomas	10	1.6	36	1.3	44	1.1	58	1.3	148	1.2	1.2	1.6	0.8	1.9^*
III. CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	164	26.1	566	19.9	736	17.9	655	15.0	2,121	17.8	18.3	19.7	16.8	1.2^*
a. Ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors	22	3.5	103	3.6	61	1.5	31	0.7	217	1.8	2.1	2.1	2.0	1.0
b. Astrocytomas	24	3.8	88	3.1	142	3.5	184	4.2	438	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.5	1.1
c. Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors	57	9.1	230	8.1	266	6.5	191	4.4	744	6.2	6.6	7.5	5.5	1.4^*
d. Other gliomas	11	1.8	48	1.7	110	2.7	97	2.2	266	2.2	2.2	2.1	2.2	1.0
e. Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	7	1.1	12	0.4	11	0.3	13	0.3	43	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	1.2
f. Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	43	6.9	85	3.0	146	3.6	139	3.2	413	3.5	3.5	3.8	3.2	1.2^*
IV. Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors	349	55.6	565	19.8	121	2.9	34	0.8	1,069	9.0	11.6	11.8	11.4	1.0
a. Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma	349	55.6	562	19.7	117	2.8	28	0.6	1,056	8.8	11.5	11.7	11.4	1.0
b. Other peripheral nervous cell tumors	-	-	3	0.1	4	0.1	6	0.1	13	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1	2.0^*
V. Retinoblastoma	141	22.5	255	9.0	15	0.4	-	-	411	3.4	4.6	4.8	4.4	1.1^*
VI. Renal tumors	126	20.1	282	9.9	90	2.2	27	0.6	525	4.4	5.5	5.4	5.7	0.9
a. Nephroblastoma and other nonepithelial renal tumors	121	19.3	261	9.2	79	1.9	11	0.3	472	4.0	5.0	4.8	5.2	0.9
b. Renal carcinomas	-	-	5	0.2	9	0.2	15	0.3	29	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	1.1
c. Unspecified malignant renal tumors	5	0.8	16	0.6	2	0.0	1	0.0	24	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.2	1.5^*
VII. Hepatic tumors	99	15.8	144	5.1	45	1.1	45	1.0	333	2.8	3.4	3.6	3.3	1.1^*
a. Hepatoblastoma	90	14.3	114	4.0	23	0.6	7	0.2	234	2.0	2.6	2.8	2.3	1.2^*
b. Hepatic carcinomas	3	0.5	17	0.6	20	0.5	37	0.8	77	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	1.0
c. Unspecified malignant hepatic tumors	6	1.0	13	0.5	2	0.0	1	0.0	22	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.6
VIII. Malignant bone tumors	13	2.1	71	2.5	219	5.3	595	13.7	898	7.5	6.6	6.7	6.5	1.0
a. Osteosarcomas	-	-	20	0.7	144	3.5	443	10.2	607	5.1	4.3	4.4	4.2	1.1^*
b. Chondrosarcomas	-	-	-	-	1	0.0	24	0.6	25	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	1.1
c. Ewing tumors and related sarcomas of bone	9	1.4	30	1.1	49	1.2	81	1.9	169	1.4	1.4	1.3	1.4	0.9
d. Other specified malignant bone tumors	1	0.2	6	0.2	9	0.2	18	0.4	34	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.7
e. Unspecified malignant bone tumors	3	0.5	15	0.5	16	0.4	29	0.7	63	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	1.1
IX. Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas	96	15.3	221	7.8	192	4.7	320	7.3	829	6.9	7.2	7.9	6.5	1.2^*
a. Rhabdomyosarcomas	42	6.7	151	5.3	101	2.5	85	2.0	379	3.2	3.5	3.9	3.1	1.2^*
b. Fibrosarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors and other fibrous neopla는	23	3.7	13	0.5	15	0.4	38	0.9	89	0.7	0.8	0.9	0.7	1.4^*
c. Kaposi sarcoma	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
d. Other specified soft tissue sarcomas	24	3.8	41	1.4	59	1.4	160	3.7	284	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.2	1.1
e. Unspecified soft tissue sarcomas	7	1.1	16	0.6	17	0.4	37	0.8	77	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.6	1.2^*
X. Germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, and neoplasms of gonads	178	28.4	200	7.0	227	5.5	547	12.6	1,152	9.6	9.8	9.7	9.9	1.0
a. Intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors	11	1.8	9	0.3	111	2.7	273	6.3	404	3.4	2.9	3.9	1.9	2.0^*
b. Malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors	103	16.4	43	1.5	7	0.2	17	0.4	170	1.4	1.9	1.4	2.5	0.5
c. Malignant gonadal germ cell tumors	59	9.4	142	5.0	104	2.5	220	5.1	525	4.4	4.6	4.3	4.9	0.9
d. Gonadal carcinomas	1	0.2	2	0.1	1	0.0	21	0.5	25	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.3	0.2
e. Other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors	4	0.6	4	0.1	4	0.1	16	0.4	28	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.8
XI. Other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas	5	0.8	27	0.9	121	2.9	479	11.0	632	5.3	4.5	3.1	6.1	0.5
a. Adrenocortical carcinomas	2	0.3	8	0.3	5	0.1	1	0.0	16	0.1	0.2	0.0	0.3	0.1
b. Thyroid carcinomas	-	-	1	0.0	45	1.1	242	5.6	288	2.4	2.0	0.8	3.3	0.2
c. Nasopharyngeal carcinomas	-	-	-	-	5	0.1	35	0.8	40	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.1	4.1^*
d. Malignant melanomas	2	0.3	9	0.3	11	0.3	17	0.4	39	0.3	0.3	0.2	0.4	0.6
e. Skin carcinomas	-	-	4	0.1	11	0.3	16	0.4	31	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.9
f. Other and unspecified carcinomas	1	0.2	5	0.2	44	1.1	168	3.9	218	1.8	1.5	1.4	1.7	0.8
XII. Other and unspecified malignant neoplasms	88	14.0	133	4.7	59	1.4	66	1.5	346	2.9	3.4	3.6	3.2	1.1^*
a. Other specified malignant tumors	3	0.5	25	0.9	8	0.2	9	0.2	45	0.4	0.4	0.3	0.5	0.6
b. Other unspecified malignant tumors	85	13.5	108	3.8	51	1.2	57	1.3	301	2.5	3.0	3.3	2.7	1.2^*

Diagnostic group (ICCC-3)	Total										Change^*
	1993-1995		1996-2000		2001-2005		2006-2010		2007-2011
	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)	Cases	RSR^a)
All cancers	2,921	56.2	5,441	64.1	5,563	72.3	5,496	77.2	5,481	78.2	22.0^*
I. Leukemias, myeloproliferative diseases, and myelodysplastic diseases	1,076	47.4	1,944	58.4	1,999	68.2	1,875	74.9	1,883	75.4	28.0^*
a. Lymphoid leukemias	665	57.3	1192	67.7	1215	77	1,164	80.6	1,156	81	23.7^*
b. Acute myeloid leukemias	250	26.5	504	41.8	494	50.9	424	58.9	435	59.7	33.2^*
c. Chronic myeloproliferative diseases	38	34.3	81	47	66	66.7	84	88.5	88	86.1	51.8
d. Myelodysplastic syndrome and other myeloproliferative diseases	6	100.4	24	66.8	99	62.8	85	75.3	98	75.6	-24.8
e. Unspecified and other specified leukemias	117	37.7	143	44.1	125	56.9	118	66.4	106	69.1	31.4^*
II. Lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms	252	64.1	495	71.9	606	82.9	624	83.5	642	86.6	22.5^*
a. Hodgkin disease	26	84.8	37	94.7	60	95.1	62	93.4	61	95.1	10.3
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (except Burkitt lymphoma)	107	58.1	246	69.6	286	78.4	310	74.9	300	78.8	20.7^*
c. Burkitt lymphoma	18	72.4	71	77.6	100	86.1	121	86	120	87.4	15.0
d. Miscellaneous lymphoreticular neoplasms	28	46.6	59	69.7	89	91.2	107	98.3	140	99.4	52.8^*
e. Unspecified lymphomas	73	70	82	64.8	71	76.2	24	91.8	21	90.6	20.6
III. CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	443	48.7	775	46.7	798	54.7	759	57.3	734	59	10.3^*
a. Ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors	27	55.7	83	58	80	66.3	81	66.6	78	70.2	14.5
b. Astrocytomas	104	54.9	179	48.7	159	56.7	151	53.6	157	51.1	-3.8
c. Intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors	128	49.4	251	55.1	302	57.4	275	60.9	278	60.4	11.0
d. Other gliomas	41	68.5	73	46.7	88	45.5	134	43.9	119	49.7	-18.8^*
e. Other specified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	6	33.5	19	26.4	12	50.1	17	53	15	66.1	32.6
f. Unspecified intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms	137	36.6	170	28.9	157	47.2	101	64.3	87	69.9	33.3^*
IV. Neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors	151	43.2	373	54.9	354	70.3	364	71.5	360	73.9	30.7^*
a. Neuroblastoma and ganglioneuroblastoma	145	43.6	361	54.2	351	70	359	71.7	354	73.9	30.3^*
b. Other peripheral nervous cell tumors	6	33.4	12	75.2	3	100.1	5	57.2	6	71.5	38.1
V. Retinoblastoma	103	90.7	173	88.8	185	95.4	136	97.3	137	95.5	4.8^*
VI. Renal tumors	112	78.1	225	78.5	192	86.1	193	91.8	184	94.1	16.0^*
a. Nephroblastoma and other nonepithelial renal tumors	88	83.4	193	80.6	180	86.9	178	92.2	170	93.6	10.2^*
b. Renal carcinomas	5	40.1	9	66.8	8	75.1	10	100.1	11	100.1	60.0^*
c. Unspecified malignant renal tumors	19	63.5	23	65.5	4	75.1	5	60.1	3	100.1	36.6
VII. Hepatic tumors	60	48.5	145	59.5	117	66.8	110	71.2	117	69.5	21.0^*
a. Hepatoblastoma	26	65.8	79	72.5	87	76.1	86	77.7	93	76.1	10.3
b. Hepatic carcinomas	19	36.9	42	35.8	24	33.4	20	43.4	20	38.9	2.0
c. Unspecified malignant hepatic tumors	15	33.5	24	58.6	6	66.8	4	75.1	4	75.1	41.6
VIII. Malignant bone tumors	184	57.2	292	65.8	322	68.1	353	75.3	339	77.4	20.2^*
a. Osteosarcomas	132	55.4	205	64.9	222	68.5	249	78.6	241	81.5	26.1^*
b. Chondrosarcomas	4	75.2	9	66.8	8	75.1	12	91.8	12	91	15.8
c. Ewing tumors and related sarcomas of bone	16	50.1	49	67.4	58	53.5	59	56.1	57	58.5	8.4
d. Other specified malignant bone tumors	4	75.2	6	66.8	13	100.1	13	66.4	10	55.2	-20.0
e. Unspecified malignant bone tumors	28	64.4	23	69.7	21	81	20	90.1	19	89.6	25.2
IX. Soft tissue and other extraosseous sarcomas	146	57	243	68.5	292	72.7	277	78.2	281	77.2	20.2^*
a. Rhabdomyosarcomas	70	48.7	129	62.2	139	64.9	115	75.6	115	78.8	30.1^*
b. Fibrosarcomas, peripheral nerve sheath tumors, and other fibrous neoplasms	15	66.9	20	85.2	37	75.9	32	84.2	31	79.4	12.5
c. Kaposi sarcoma	-	-	2	50.1	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
d. Other specified soft tissue sarcomas	49	69.6	64	73.6	92	78.3	102	82.5	106	79.3	9.7
e. Unspecified soft tissue sarcomas	12	41.8	28	75.2	24	91.8	28	65.8	29	60.8	19.0
X. Germ cell tumors, trophoblastic tumors, and neoplasms of gonads	196	79.4	433	88.3	408	92.8	454	93.8	452	94.6	15.2^*
a. Intracranial and intraspinal germ cell tumors	44	68.3	104	75.2	138	84.2	174	89	160	89.9	21.6^*
b. Malignant extracranial and extragonadal germ cell tumors	31	55.2	73	85.4	49	96.4	62	95.4	70	97.4	42.2^*
c. Malignant gonadal germ cell tumors	97	90.1	228	95	201	97.7	200	98	206	98.5	8.4^*
d. Gonadal carcinomas	8	75.2	12	83.5	8	87.7	9	77.8	10	69.4	-5.8
e. Other and unspecified malignant gonadal tumors	16	94.2	16	93.9	12	100.2	9	100.1	6	100.1	5.9
XI. Other malignant epithelial neoplasms and malignant melanomas	91	87	214	83.8	177	84.8	284	94.8	290	93.8	6.8^*
a. Adrenocortical carcinomas	2	50.1	4	50.2	6	66.8	8	71.7	6	77.9	27.8
b. Thyroid carcinomas	37	100.2	90	96.8	77	100.1	134	100.1	148	100.1	-0.1
c. Nasopharyngeal carcinomas	10	100.3	8	75.1	8	62.6	21	88.5	21	85.4	-14.9
d. Malignant melanomas	7	85.9	10	70.2	7	71.5	22	86.5	23	91.1	5.2
e. Skin carcinomas	2	100.2	12	91.8	6	100.1	10	100.1	12	100.1	-0.1
f. Other and unspecified carcinomas	33	69.9	90	73.4	73	72.7	89	92	80	86.2	16.3
XII. Other and unspecified malignant neoplasms	107	52.6	129	73.1	113	79	67	83.9	62	80.4	27.8^*
a. Other specified malignant tumors	6	16.7	15	53.4	17	82.5	11	72.8	13	77	60.3^*
b. Other unspecified malignant tumors	101	54.7	114	75.7	96	78.4	56	86.3	49	82.1	27.4^*

Table 1. Number of cases, crude incidence rates, and age-standardized rates (ASR) per million of childhood cancers in Korea for the period 1999-2011

ICCC-3, International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition; CR, crude incidence rate (per million), ASR, age standardized incidence rate (per million).

p < 0.05.

M/F ratio=male ASR/female ASR.

Table 2. Five-year relative survival rates for childhood cancer in Korea in 1993-2011 according to ICCC-3 diagnostic groups

ICCC-3, International Classification of Childhood Cancer, 3rd edition; CNS, central nervous system.

p < 0.05 for trend.

Relative survival rate (%).