Chronological Changes of Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Wansik Yu; Ki Bum Park; Ho Young Chung; Oh Kyoung Kwon; Seung Soo Lee

doi:10.4143/crt.2015.398

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Original Article Chronological Changes of Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: Wansik Yu, MD, PhD^1,2,, Ki Bum Park, MD², Ho Young Chung, MD, PhD³, Oh Kyoung Kwon, MD², Seung Soo Lee, MD³; Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2016;48(3):1030-1036.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.398
Published online: January 6, 2016

¹Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

²Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea

³Department of Surgery, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea

Correspondence: Wansik Yu, MD, PhD Gastric Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, 807 Hoguk-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41404, Korea
Tel: 82-53-200-2700 Fax: 82-53-200-2027 E-mail: wyu@knu.ac.kr

• Received: October 19, 2015 • Accepted: December 19, 2015

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract

Purpose
A few studies have prospectively evaluated changes in quality of life (QoL) after surgery in short-term survivors; however, no prospective study has evaluated the longitudinal changes in QoL in long-terms survivors. We prospectively evaluated the chronological changes in QoL after a gastrectomy over a 5-year postoperative period in a large group of patients.
Materials and Methods
QoL data from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and the QLQ-STO22 questionnaires were obtained from 254 patients who completed the entire series of QoL assessments preoperatively and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after surgery.
Results
There was no statistically significant change in global health status/QoL during the 5-year postoperative period. Decreases in QoL from upper gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea (p < 0.001), dysphagia (p < 0.001), reflux symptoms (p=0.029), and eating restrictions (p < 0.001) were observed among the long-term survivors. Decreased physical functioning (p < 0.001), role functioning (p < 0.001), and cognitive functioning (p < 0.001), along with fatigue (p=0.045) and a poor body image (p=0.003), negatively impacted the patients’ QoL for a long time.
Conclusion
Management of gastrointestinal symptoms should be specifically targeted as a part of long-term patient care after a gastrectomy. Proper nutritional care will improve food intake resulting in weight gain and improved physical functioning, role functioning, and body image. In addition, patients should be encouraged to preserve self-esteem and maintain social activity.
Key words: Quality of life, Stomach neoplasms, Gastrectomy

Introduction

Patients with gastric cancer may have poor health-related quality of life (QoL) resulting from the disease itself before surgery. Patients may still suffer from poor QoL due to the consequences of surgery after a gastrectomy. The overall survival rate of patients with gastric cancer has increased due to the development of diagnostic tools, mass screening programs, and advancements in multimodality management. However, significant morbidity, including early satiety, loss of appetite, heartburn, dysphagia, nausea, and vomiting is still associated with gastrectomy. These symptoms have a profound impact on QoL of postoperative patients. As a result, health providers and researchers have increasingly focused on improving life satisfaction of survivors [1].

QoL is a multi-dimensional construct covering several key dimensions including disease and treatment-related symptoms as well as physical, psychological, and social functioning. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 is a reliable and validated measure of the QoL of patients with cancer in international trials in oncology [2]. The Korean version of this questionnaire has also been validated [3]. The questionnaire is a cancer-specific, self-administered, structured questionnaire including 30 questions composed of both multi-item scales and single-item measures. These scales/items include five functional scales (physical, role, emotional, cognitive, and social), three symptom scales (fatigue, nausea and vomiting, and pain), a global health status/QoL scale, and six single items (dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, diarrhea, and financial difficulties). These 15 scales/items are grouped as follows: a global health status/QoL scale, five functional scales, and nine symptom scales/items.

The gastric cancer module (QLQ-STO22) is a supplement to the QLQ-C30 [4]. The QLQ-STO22 consists of 22 questions evaluating five multi-item symptoms scales (dysphagia, pain, reflux symptoms, eating restrictions, and anxiety), and four single items (dry mouth, taste, body image, and hair loss).

QoL has become an increasingly important factor for long-term survivors after surgery for gastric cancer. Several studies have examined QoL after a gastrectomy in patients with gastric cancer using EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22. A few studies have prospectively evaluated changes in QoL after surgery in short-term survivors [5-9]. However, most studies have important limitations, including, above all, small sample size [10-12] and retrospective study design [13,14].

Researchers attempted to determine the relationship between postoperative QoL and the extent of gastric resection [9,13], type of reconstruction after gastrectomy [15], and method of abdominal approach [8,16], reaching varied conclusions [5]. As QoL changes over time, good knowledge regarding long-term chronological changes in QoL of relapse-free patients after a gastrectomy is essential to providing more appropriate care for patients. However, no study has prospectively evaluated the longitudinal changes in QoL of long-term survivors.

In this study, we prospectively evaluated the chronological changes in QoL after a gastrectomy over a 5-year postoperative period in a large group of patients.

Materials and Methods

1. Patients

A total of 1,105 patients who underwent a curative gastrectomy for primary gastric cancer between January 2008 and June 2010 at the Kyungpook National University Hospital were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Among them, 439 patients completed the entire series of QoL assessments during the 5-year postoperative period; 161 patients with co-morbidities that could affect the QoL including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic respiratory disease, chronic hepatic disease, and cerebrovascular disease and 24 patients who underwent another operation were excluded. The QoL data obtained from the remaining 254 patients were analyzed. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyungpook National University Hospital (No. 201510035001).

The demographic characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. There were 95 female and 159 male patients. The mean age was 54.9±10.7 years. Most patients had stage I disease. Subtotal gastrectomy was performed on 202 patients and 52 patients underwent a total gastrectomy. Patients showed no evidence of recurrence at the final follow-up visit.

2. QoL assessment

QoL was assessed using the Korean Versions of the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22. All patients were asked to complete the questionnaires by themselves on the day of admission and at regular follow-up visits (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years after surgery). The raw scores were transformed to scores ranging from 0 to 100 according to the scoring manual provided by the EORTC [17]. A high score for a functional scale represents a high/healthy level of functioning and a high score for the global health status/QoL represents a high QoL, but a high score for a symptom scale/item represents a high level of symptomatology/problems. For the EORTC QLQ-STO22, a high score represents a low QoL.

3. Statistical analyses

The mean scores of each scale were compared in a longitudinal fashion across five postoperative years. One way analysis of variance followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test or Dunnett T3 post-hoc test was performed for comparison of differences in the mean scores among the time intervals. p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Preoperative and 5-year postoperative mean scores of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 scales/items are shown in Table 2.

Global health status/QoL tended to increase after the first postoperative year and the mean score at the 5th postoperative year was significantly higher than 1 year after the gastrectomy (p=0.012) (Fig. 1). Physical functioning score, role functioning score, and cognitive functioning score decreased significantly in the first postoperative year (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p=0.001, respectively), but showed no significant changes thereafter. Emotional functioning was worst at baseline and improved steadily after surgery. Social functioning scores showed no statistically significant changes compared to preoperative score during the 5-year postoperative period (Fig. 2).

Fatigue score increased significantly 1 year after surgery (p < 0.001) and then decreased gradually. However, scores remained high during the 5 years postoperatively (p=0.045). Nausea and vomiting score and pain score increased 1 year after surgery without significance and tended to decrease afterward (Fig. 3).

There were no statistically significant changes in dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, and constipation scores compared with preoperative scores during the 5-year postoperative period. Financial difficulties showed a similar pattern. Diarrhea score increased significantly 1 year after surgery (p < 0.001). Although there was a tendency to decrease afterward, diarrhea score was significantly higher 5 years after surgery compared with the preoperative level (Fig. 4).

The changes in the mean scores of QLQ-STO22 scales/items are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Dysphagia and eating restrictions showed significant worsening 1 year after surgery (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Despite gradual improvements in these symptoms, the scores showed significantly higher levels compared with preoperative levels 5 years after the gastrectomy (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). Reflux symptoms persisted during the 5-year postoperative period without significant changes. Anxiety had increased significantly 1 year after surgery (p < 0.001), then decreased gradually. The difference showed no statistical significance 3 years after a gastrectomy. Although taste score showed significant worsening 1 year after surgery (p=0.008), there were no significant differences after 2 years postoperatively. Worsened body image had not recovered at 5 years after the gastrectomy. No significant changes were observed for pain, dry mouth, and hair loss.

Discussion

Similar to another study [5], our results showed that the global health status/QoL decreased slightly during the first postoperative year and tended to increase afterward. Social functioning, nausea and vomiting, and pain showed a similar pattern. There were no statistically significant changes in the dyspnea, insomnia, appetite loss, constipation, financial difficulties, dry mouth, and hair loss scores compared with preoperative scores during the 5-year postoperative period. Hair loss is often used for assessment of QoL related to chemotherapy or radiotherapy for various types of cancer. Former cancer patients appear to pay less attention to their hair as long as they remain free of disease following cancer surgery. Similar to other studies [7,11,12], emotional functioning was the worst at baseline and showed constant improvement after surgery. Emotional functioning appears to be related to the depression caused by the initial diagnosis of cancer, and patients were gradually relieved from depression regarding their disease over time. Anxiety score also reached preoperative level 5 years after the gastrectomy.

A gastrectomy has a temporary negative impact on most aspects of QoL, and recovery typically occurs within the six or 12 postoperative months [5,10]. However, some aspects of impaired QoL persist for a long period. The QoL of long-term survivors after a gastrectomy is influenced by the surgery itself as well as past memories of malignancy even when patients are considered to be disease-free [18].

Kong et al. [7] reported that physical functioning and role functioning showed the lowest scores after surgery and did not fully recover to preoperative levels until 1 year after surgery. In addition, scores for fatigue, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, eating restriction, anxiety, taste, and body image remained significantly higher 1 year after surgery. Therefore, the authors recommended further follow-up to confirm whether these scales/items will recover or not. Among them, our study showed that scores for nausea and vomiting, anxiety, and taste gradually returned to the preoperative levels and showed no significant differences 5 years after a gastrectomy. However, changed physical functioning, role functioning, fatigue, diarrhea, dysphagia, eating restrictions, and body image did not recover even 5 years after a gastrectomy.

Cancer and its treatments are associated with increased fatigue that may persist for years after cancer eradication [19]. Our results showed that fatigue score was the highest 1 year after the gastrectomy and remained at a significantly increased level until 5 years after surgery.

Although there was no statistically significant change in global health status/QoL, our study found low QoL related to upper gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea, dysphagia, reflux symptoms, and eating restrictions in long-term survivors. Decreased physical functioning, role functioning, and cognitive functioning, fatigue, and a poor body image also impact QoL for a long time.

While surviving 5 years after surgery is often regarded as a turning point in the fight against cancer, in terms of QoL, survivors after a gastrectomy still have persistent needs for management of QoL [18,20]. Management of symptoms should be specifically targeted as part of patient care after a gastrectomy. Development of appropriate interventions and individual management for each symptom by surgeons is required for patients with these symptoms.

The ultimate goal of the QoL assessment of cancer patients is to restore them to a healthy period as rapidly as possible [18]. Although physical functioning, role functioning, cognitive functioning, and body image may deteriorate with age, proper nutritional care including monitoring and correcting patients’ daily dietary habits will improve food intake resulting in weight gain and improved physical functioning, role functioning, and body image [6]. Patients with impaired cognitive functioning should undergo a complete medical checkup and consult with a neurologist or a psychiatrist. In addition, patients should be encouraged to preserve self-esteem and maintain social activity [18]. These suggestions can be applied to relapse-free survivors after gastrectomy.

It is recommended that changes in postoperative QoL be used to inform patients about what to expect after surgery and to guide timely supportive postoperative interventions. Surgeons should reassure patients that QoL will mostly return to baseline about 1 year after surgery and that QoL related to upper gastrointestinal symptoms will still be lower but these symptoms will be managed individually and on a timely basis.

This study has several strengths. We enrolled consecutive patients undergoing gastrectomy by the same small group of surgeons at one institution and prospectively collected data on QoL. The inclusion of the preoperative QoL data of all patients and the postoperative assessments at fixed times enables the comparison of QoL between baseline and postoperative changes in QoL. However, premorbid QoL may be the most valid baseline measure of QoL. Preoperative QoL refers to QoL that has not yet been altered by surgery and still represents postmorbid QoL. Preoperative-based interpretations of postoperative change in QoL may not only exaggerate the persistence of decreased QoL but also conceal ongoing QoL deterioration after surgery [1]. Despite this limitation, we considered preoperative QoL as the baseline because acquiring data regarding premorbid QoL from patients was not feasible in clinical practice.

Conclusion

Management of gastrointestinal symptoms should be specifically targeted as a part of long-term patient care after a gastrectomy. Proper nutritional care will improve food intake resulting in weight gain and improved physical functioning, role functioning, and body image. In addition, patients should be encouraged to preserve self-esteem and maintain social activity.

NOTES

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Kyungpook National University Research Fund, 2012.

Fig. 1.

Mean scores and 95% confidence intervals of global health status/QoL scale of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. QoL, quality of life; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Fig. 2.

Mean scores of functional scales of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; PF2, physical functioning; RF2, role functioning; EF, emotional functioning; CF, cognitive functioning; SF, social functioning.

Fig. 3.

Mean scores of symptom scales of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; FA, fatigue; NV, nausea and vomiting; PA, pain.

Fig. 4.

Mean scores of single items of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; DY, dyspnea; SL, insomnia; AP, appetite loss; CO, constipation; DI, diarrhea; FI, financial difficulties.

Fig. 5.

Mean scores of scales of EORTC QLQ-STO22 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; XDG, dysphagia; XPain, pain; XRflex, reflux symptoms; XEatR, eating restrictions; Anx, anxiety.

Fig. 6.

Mean scores of single items of EORTC QLQ-STO22 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; DM, dry mouth; T, taste; BI, body image; HL, hair loss.

Table 1.

Characteristics of patients

Characteristic	No. of patients (%)
Age, mean±SD (yr)	54.9±10.7
Sex
Female	95 (37.4)
Male	159 (62.6)
Stage^a)
IA	171 (67.3)
IB	30 (11.8)
IIA	23 (9.1)
IIB	15 (5.9)
IIIA	8 (3.1)
IIIB	5 (2.0)
IIIC	1 (0.4)
IV	1 (0.4)
Pathological type
Differentiated	97 (38.2)
Undifferentiated	157 (61.8)
Type of gastrectomy
Open distal gastrectomy	161 (63.4)
Open total gastrectomy	48 (18.9)
Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy	41 (16.1)
Laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy	3 (1.2)
Robot-assisted total gastrectomy	1 (0.4)
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Yes	30 (11.8)
No	224 (88.2)

^a) The 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Classification.

Table 2.

Mean scores of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 scales/items

Variable	Baseline	5 Years after a gastrectomy	p-value
Global health status/QoL	67.7±21.4	73.5±23.5	0.101
QLQ-C30 function scales
Physical functioning	91.4±9.7	85.6±14.3	< 0.001
Role functioning	93.2±14.3	86.7±19.8	< 0.001
Emotional functioning	80.0±19.3	85.5±18.2	0.012
Cognitive functioning	90.8±13.5	84.2±15.8	< 0.001
Social functioning	88.2±18.0	87.4±18.8	> 0.999
QLQ-C30 symptom scales/items
Fatigue	19.3±18.9	24.4±19.8	0.045
Nausea and vomiting	6.7±13.8	9.9±15.2	0.177
Pain	8.9±15.7	8.1±13.8	> 0.999
Dyspnea	8.3±16.4	12.5±19.6	0.128
Insomnia	13.3±22.5	14.2±24.3	> 0.999
Appetite loss	8.8±18.9	10.4±20.4	> 0.999
Constipation	11.2±18.8	13.1±20.2	0.988
Diarrhea	11.4±19.7	21.0±23.4	< 0.001
Financial difficulties	16.6±25.7	14.3±22.8	0.993
QLQ-STO22 symptom scales/items
Dysphagia	4.6±8.9	9.3±11.1	< 0.001
Pain	13.6±15.3	13.8±15.1	> 0.999
Reflux symptoms	9.7±14.5	13.9±16.2	0.029
Eating restrictions	5.3±10.2	12.4±14.8	< 0.001
Anxiety	23.9±20.6	25.7±20.0	> 0.999
Dry mouth	15.5±22.8	20.1±25.4	0.661
Taste	3.3±11.6	6.2±15.2	0.232
Body image	13.6±23.4	21.8±26.1	0.003
Hair loss	34.7±35.3	38.2±28.3	> 0.999

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; QoL, quality of life.

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Chronological Changes of Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):1030-1036. Published online January 6, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.398

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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Chronological Changes of Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Fig. 1. Mean scores and 95% confidence intervals of global health status/QoL scale of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. QoL, quality of life; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Fig. 2. Mean scores of functional scales of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; PF2, physical functioning; RF2, role functioning; EF, emotional functioning; CF, cognitive functioning; SF, social functioning.

Fig. 3. Mean scores of symptom scales of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; FA, fatigue; NV, nausea and vomiting; PA, pain.

Fig. 4. Mean scores of single items of EORTC QLQ-C30 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; DY, dyspnea; SL, insomnia; AP, appetite loss; CO, constipation; DI, diarrhea; FI, financial difficulties.

Fig. 5. Mean scores of scales of EORTC QLQ-STO22 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; XDG, dysphagia; XPain, pain; XRflex, reflux symptoms; XEatR, eating restrictions; Anx, anxiety.

Fig. 6. Mean scores of single items of EORTC QLQ-STO22 at each time point. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; DM, dry mouth; T, taste; BI, body image; HL, hair loss.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Chronological Changes of Quality of Life in Long-Term Survivors after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer

Characteristic	No. of patients (%)
Age, mean±SD (yr)	54.9±10.7
Sex
Female	95 (37.4)
Male	159 (62.6)
Stage^a)
IA	171 (67.3)
IB	30 (11.8)
IIA	23 (9.1)
IIB	15 (5.9)
IIIA	8 (3.1)
IIIB	5 (2.0)
IIIC	1 (0.4)
IV	1 (0.4)
Pathological type
Differentiated	97 (38.2)
Undifferentiated	157 (61.8)
Type of gastrectomy
Open distal gastrectomy	161 (63.4)
Open total gastrectomy	48 (18.9)
Laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy	41 (16.1)
Laparoscopy-assisted total gastrectomy	3 (1.2)
Robot-assisted total gastrectomy	1 (0.4)
Adjuvant chemotherapy
Yes	30 (11.8)
No	224 (88.2)

Variable	Baseline	5 Years after a gastrectomy	p-value
Global health status/QoL	67.7±21.4	73.5±23.5	0.101
QLQ-C30 function scales
Physical functioning	91.4±9.7	85.6±14.3	< 0.001
Role functioning	93.2±14.3	86.7±19.8	< 0.001
Emotional functioning	80.0±19.3	85.5±18.2	0.012
Cognitive functioning	90.8±13.5	84.2±15.8	< 0.001
Social functioning	88.2±18.0	87.4±18.8	> 0.999
QLQ-C30 symptom scales/items
Fatigue	19.3±18.9	24.4±19.8	0.045
Nausea and vomiting	6.7±13.8	9.9±15.2	0.177
Pain	8.9±15.7	8.1±13.8	> 0.999
Dyspnea	8.3±16.4	12.5±19.6	0.128
Insomnia	13.3±22.5	14.2±24.3	> 0.999
Appetite loss	8.8±18.9	10.4±20.4	> 0.999
Constipation	11.2±18.8	13.1±20.2	0.988
Diarrhea	11.4±19.7	21.0±23.4	< 0.001
Financial difficulties	16.6±25.7	14.3±22.8	0.993
QLQ-STO22 symptom scales/items
Dysphagia	4.6±8.9	9.3±11.1	< 0.001
Pain	13.6±15.3	13.8±15.1	> 0.999
Reflux symptoms	9.7±14.5	13.9±16.2	0.029
Eating restrictions	5.3±10.2	12.4±14.8	< 0.001
Anxiety	23.9±20.6	25.7±20.0	> 0.999
Dry mouth	15.5±22.8	20.1±25.4	0.661
Taste	3.3±11.6	6.2±15.2	0.232
Body image	13.6±23.4	21.8±26.1	0.003
Hair loss	34.7±35.3	38.2±28.3	> 0.999

Table 1. Characteristics of patients

The 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Classification.

Table 2. Mean scores of EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 scales/items

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; QLQ, Quality of Life Questionnaire; QoL, quality of life.