Adopting Advance Directives Reinforces Patient Participation in End-of-Life Care Discussion

Ji Hyung Hong; Jung Hye Kwon; Il Kyu Kim; Jin Hee Ko; Yi-Jin Kang; Hoon-Kyo Kim

doi:10.4143/crt.2015.281

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Original Article Adopting Advance Directives Reinforces Patient Participation in End-of-Life Care Discussion: Ji Hyung Hong, MD^1,2, Jung Hye Kwon, MD, PhD³, Il Kyu Kim, MD^2,4, Jin Hee Ko, RN², Yi-Jin Kang, RN², Hoon-Kyo Kim, MD, PhD^2,4,; Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2016;48(2):753-758.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.281
Published online: October 14, 2015

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea

²St. Vincent's Hospital Hospice Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea

³Division of Hemato-oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym Universit Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

⁴Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea

Correspondence: Hoon-Kyo Kim, MD, PhD Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 93 Jungbu-daero, Paldal-gu, Suwon 16247, Korea
Tel: 82-31-249-7127 Fax : 82-31-255-8203 E-mail: miongsok@catholic.ac.kr

*Ji Hyung Hong and Jung Hye Kwon contributed equally to this work.

• Received: July 27, 2015 • Accepted: September 10, 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract

Purpose
In Korea, most terminal cancer patients have still not been included in end-of-life (EOL) discussions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of patients participating in EOL discussions after adopting advance directives.
Materials and Methods
Medical records of 106 hospice patients between July 2012 and February 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. The proportion of patient participation in EOL discussions, barriers, and favorable factors for completion of advance directives, as well as outcomes of advance directives were evaluated.
Results
Patient participation in EOL discussion had increased from 16/53 (30%) to 27/53 (51%) since adopting advance directives (p < 0.001). Median time between completion of an advance directive and death increased from 8 days (range, 0 to 22 days) to 14.5 days (range, 0 to 47 days). Patients’ poor condition after late referral was the main barrier to missing EOL discussions; however, family members’ concerns about patient’s distress was also a main reason for excluding the patient from EOL discussions. In univariate analysis, patient age, education status, and time from diagnosis to completion of an advance directive influenced advance directive completion favorably. Following multivariate analysis, higher education and periods of more than 2 years from diagnosis to completion of an advance directive remained favorable (odds ratio [OR], 9.586, p=0.024 and OR, 70.312; p=0.002). Preferences of all patients regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation or hemodialysis were carried out by physicians. Orders for nutrition and palliative sedation showed discordance, with concordance rates of 74.2% and 51.6%, respectively.
Conclusion
Our results suggested that the use of advance directive promote patient participation in EOL discussion.
Key words: Advance directives, Personal autonomy, Decision making

Introduction

Unlike patients dying of acute disease, terminal cancer patients experience end-of-life (EOL) issues as part of their disease trajectory. EOL discussions are critical to management of EOL for such patients. International guidelines recommend implementation of EOL discussions from the early phase of advanced incurable cancer [1]; however, conduct of EOL discussions during care transition was difficult [2].

Reasons for missing EOL discussions include insufficient time, no guiding materials for medical staff regarding EOL issues, limited knowledge, no medical staff awareness of EOL issues, legal ineffectiveness of advance decision making, and cultural barriers [2-4]. Lack of awareness of the patient’s right to EOL care is a major barrier in South Korea and results in continued implementation of ineffective aggressive cancer treatment prior to the EOL period [5-7]. Documentation of advance directives, which express patients’ preferences for EOL care, facilitates patient autonomy in EOL discussions and decision making [3].

Between 2003 and 2012, do-not-resuscitate (DNR) forms were used in EOL discussions upon admission to St. Vincent’s Hospital Hospice Center. Previous South Korean studies reported that 57% to 86.7% of deceased patients from oncology clinics and hospice and palliative care units signed a DNR form; however, 94%-100% of patients were not involved in DNR discussions [8-12]. Since October 1, 2012, advance directive forms have replaced the DNR permission forms in our hospice center to encourage EOL discussions among patients, family members, and physicians.

This study evaluated the proportion of patients participating in EOL discussions with healthcare professionals subsequent to adopting the advance directive.

Materials and Methods

A palliative care specialist (physician or nurse) discussed EOL issues with patients and/or proxies upon admission. EOL discussion was defined as discussion of the use of life-sustaining treatments and hospice care at terminal status. EOL discussion could be conducted using the DNR form or the advance directives.

The old DNR form simply explained the futility of life sustaining treatment; however, the new advance directive form includes (1) time of EOL discussion; (2) life-sustaining treatment orders, including cardiac massage, inotropes, defibrillation, mechanical ventilation, artificial nutrition or hydration, and hemodialysis; (3) living wills; and (4) healthcare proxy designations. In contrast to classic advance directives, ours requests the patient’s permission for later administration of palliative sedation. At the end of the advance directive form, a space is provided for patients to express their feelings or wishes to family members or healthcare professionals. Patients can elect two healthcare proxies, who should be older than 20 years and considered capable of reflecting the patient’s usual values and beliefs. Decisions documented in advance directives take effect when the patient becomes unable to make EOL care decisions. However, patients can discard the advance directives at any time.

The medical records of patients admitted to St. Vincent’s Hospital Hospice Center between July 6, 2012 and February 28, 2013 were reviewed. Reasons for excluding patients from EOL discussions, time from completion of an advance directive to death, time from advanced cancer diagnosis to completion of an advance directive, and translation of patients’ EOL care preferences were acquired. EOL discussion was identified if patients’ medical records included documentation of an EOL discussion. Patient participation in EOL discussions was defined as a DNR order signed by the patient, a description of the patient’s participation in EOL discussions in the medical record, or advance directives.

Results

A total of 106 patients were admitted to St. Vincent’s Hospital Hospice Center between July 6, 2012 and February 28, 2013. Fifty three DNR orders were signed between July 6 and September 31, 2012 (DNR era) and 53 DNR orders or advance directives signed between October 1, 2012 and February 28, 2013 (advance directive era) (Fig. 1).

At the time of analysis, 26 patients with advance directives and all 53 patients with DNR orders were deceased. The median duration of hospital stay was 16 days (range, 0 to 300 days). The median time between completion of an advance directive and death was longer than for the time between DNR and death (14.5 days; range, 0 to 47 days and 8 days; range, 0 to 22 days). The patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1.

1. Changes in EOL discussions with patients and barriers to EOL discussions

Patient participation in EOL discussions increased from 16/53 (30%) to 27/53 (51%) after adoption of an advance directive for EOL discussions in October 1, 2012 (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1). According to Anselm et al. [13], barriers to EOL discussions can be divided into provider, patient, family member(s), and systemic barriers. Patients’ poor condition after late referral was the main barrier to missing EOL discussions in 17/18 patients; however, family members’ concerns about patient’s distress was also a reason for excluding the patient from EOL discussions (Table 2).

2. Factors related to EOL care discussion using advance directives

In the univariate analysis, patients’ age and education status and the time between diagnosis and completion of an advance directive influenced advance directive completion favorably during EOL discussions. Following multivariate analysis, higher education and a period of more than 2 years between diagnosis and advance directive completion remained favorable factors (odds ratio [OR], 9,586; p=0.024 and OR, 70.312; p=0.002) (Table 3).

3. Outcome of advance directives

All patients who had agreed to completion of an advance directive chose their spouses or immediate family members as healthcare proxies. Patients’ preferences and medical orders are detailed in Table 4. Physicians carried out preferences of all patients’ regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation or hemodialysis. Orders for nutrition and palliative sedation showed concordance rates of 74.2% and 51.6%, respectively.

Discussion

In this study, adoption of advance directives in EOL discussions increased patient participation. Previous South Korean studies reported that most patients did not participate in EOL discussions when DNR orders were used; however, with use of advance directive, 3.3%-4.8% of patients had written advance directives themselves [8-12]. In a study conducted in the United States, 33% of patients participated in EOL discussions using DNR [14]; with advance directives, the rate of patient participation in EOL discussions was 50%-62% [15,16]. The objective of advance directives for patients is to state their personal preferences in advance, even if legally incompetent [17]. Increased patient participation in EOL discussions could reflect increased patient autonomy in EOL care. Therefore, our study showed that adopting advance directives can increase patient participation in EOL discussions, which could enhance their autonomy. Further study is required to evaluate the relationship between participation in EOL discussion and patients’ autonomy.

The most common reason that patients did not participate in EOL discussions was poor physical condition, and family members’ concern about patients’ distress when discussing their poor prognoses and death was another main reason. Poor physical condition after late referral could be classified as a systemic barrier; however, because negative attitudes toward advance directives and poor communication skills in healthcare providers were not recorded in the medical records, the results may be derived from a combination of provider and systemic barriers.

In our study, cardiopulmonary resuscitation and renal replacement were carried out consistent with documented advance directive preferences in all cases. However, some patients’ preferences regarding nutrition and palliative sedation were not carried out by a physician as a part of EOL care. According to the medical record and discussion with physicians, patients' previous preference in advance directives regarding nutrional support and palliative sedation turned out to be inapproriate for them at the time of event, thus, the advance directives they had previously selected as preferred were not followed. In a previous study conducted in the United States, medical treatment was consistent with advance directives for 75% of patients (72/96); in 6.3% of cases, care was more aggressive than requested and in 18.8% of cases, it was less aggressive than requested [15]. In another study involving Korean patients with end-stage renal disease, some patients who had stated that they did not wish to be resuscitated had died during resuscitation [18]. Even though Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment were distributed in the United States, there have been difficulties interpreting and fulfilling patients’ requests [19,20].

Palliative sedation in case of refractory symptoms was included in our advance directive form. Most advance directive forms do not include palliative sedation [15,21,22]. However, in a Swiss study using advance directives in which patients were asked to write down their preferences rather than complete a pre-established checklist, more than 50% of patients expressed their preferences for palliative sedation in case of refractory symptoms [23]. Of the 76 patients who completed advance directives in our hospice center between October 2012 and September 2013, 89.5% (68/76) expressed their preferences for palliative sedation in advance directives [24]. Actually, when the patients showed deterioration, a discussion regarding palliative sedation was not generally possible. Therefore, we suggested that the palliative sedation content be included in the list of advance directives.

This research had some limitations. The study was a retrospective review of medical records; therefore, we may not have captured all EOL discussions between physicians and patients. We might have missed patients who were involved in EOL discussions but did not sign the form themselves. In a small number of patients, identification of reliable factors associated with patients’ completion of an advance directive was difficult. We assumed that signing advance directives indicated participation in EOL discussion and honored patients’ autonomy; however, a prospective observational study is required to clarify this relationship. Further study to evaluate the content of and barriers to EOL discussions is also required.

Conclusion

In the current study, use of advance directives in EOL discussion increased the rate of participation of advanced cancer patients in EOL discussions. Prospective trials involving large numbers of patients are required to confirm these results.

NOTES

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Fig. 1.

Study flow. AD, advance directive; DNR, do-not-resuscitate; HC, hospice center; EOL, end-of-life.

Table 1.

Patients’ characteristics

Characteristic	Total (n=106)	AD era (n=53)	DNR era (n=53)	p-value
Sex
Male	58 (54.7)	33 (62.3)	25:28	0.172
Age, median (range, yr)	61 (16-85)	61 (16-85)	61 (39-85)	0.444
Primary cancer site
Lung	30 (28)	23 (43)	7 (13)	0.089
Gastrointestinal	30 (28)	9 (17)	21 (40)
Hepatopancreatobiliary	22 (21)	8 (15)	14 (26)
Breast	6 (6)	4 (8)	2 (4)
Other	18 (16)	9 (17)	9 (17)
Education
≤ Secondary school	20 (19)	7 (13)	13 (25)	0.550
Middle school	18 (17)	11 (21)	7 (13)
High school	35 (33)	19 (36)	16 (30)
College graduate	14 (13)	9 (17)	5 (9)
Graduate degree	2 (2)	1 (2)	1 (2)
Unavailable	17 (16)	6 (11)	11 (21)
Religion
Catholic	24 (23)	7 (13)	17 (32)	0.890
Protestant	24 (23)	11 (21)	13 (25)
Buddhism	10 (10)	3 (6)	7 (13)
Other	48 (45)	32 (60)	16 (30)

Values are presented as number (%). AD, advance directive; DNR, do not resuscitate.

Table 2.

Barriers to patient participation in EOL discussion in the advance directives era (n=22)

	Patient and family member barrier	Provider barrier	Systemic barrier
EOL discussion was not recommended (n=18, 34%)	-	Discomfort with emotion involved (n=1)	-
	-	-	Late referral: poor physical condition when patients were transferred (n=17)
EOL discussion was recommended and patients were excluded (n=4, 8%)	Family's concern about patient's distress (n=1)	-	-
	Refusal without any reason (n=1)	-	-
	-	-	Late referral: poor physical condition when patients were transferred (n=2)

EOL, end-of-life.

Table 3.

Factors affecting advance directive completion (n=53)

Factor	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age (> 60 yr vs. < 60 yr)	4.894 (1.488-16.097)	0.009^*	2.919 (0.617-13.815)	0.177
Sex (female vs. male)	2.479 (0.766-8.028)	0.130	2.806 (0.462-17.031)	0.262
Education (≥ high school graduate vs. ≤ middle school graduate)	3.630 (1.155-11.406)	0.027^*	9.586 (1.355-67.788)	0.024^*
Time from diagnosis to completion of advance directive (> 2 yr vs. < 2 yr)	22.000 (2.620-184.752)	0.004^*	70.312 (4.745-1041.883)	0.002^*

^* Statistically significant.

Table 4.

Outcomes of advance directives

Factor	Documented preference for EOL	No.	Treatment Received during EOL	No.	Concordance rate
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	Yes	0	Received	0	31/31 (100)
	No	31	Not received	31
Tube feeding/Total parenteral nutrition	Yes	9	Received	1	23/31 (74.2)
	No	22	Not received	30
Renal replacement therapy	Yes	0	Received	0	31/31 (100)
	No	31	Not received	31
Palliative sedation	Yes	22	Received	7	16/31 (51.6)
	No	9	Not received	24

Values are presented as number (%). EOL, end-of-life.

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Adopting Advance Directives Reinforces Patient Participation in End-of-Life Care Discussion

Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):753-758. Published online October 14, 2015

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.281

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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Adopting Advance Directives Reinforces Patient Participation in End-of-Life Care Discussion

Fig. 1. Study flow. AD, advance directive; DNR, do-not-resuscitate; HC, hospice center; EOL, end-of-life.

Fig. 1.

Adopting Advance Directives Reinforces Patient Participation in End-of-Life Care Discussion

Characteristic	Total (n=106)	AD era (n=53)	DNR era (n=53)	p-value
Sex
Male	58 (54.7)	33 (62.3)	25:28	0.172
Age, median (range, yr)	61 (16-85)	61 (16-85)	61 (39-85)	0.444
Primary cancer site
Lung	30 (28)	23 (43)	7 (13)	0.089
Gastrointestinal	30 (28)	9 (17)	21 (40)
Hepatopancreatobiliary	22 (21)	8 (15)	14 (26)
Breast	6 (6)	4 (8)	2 (4)
Other	18 (16)	9 (17)	9 (17)
Education
≤ Secondary school	20 (19)	7 (13)	13 (25)	0.550
Middle school	18 (17)	11 (21)	7 (13)
High school	35 (33)	19 (36)	16 (30)
College graduate	14 (13)	9 (17)	5 (9)
Graduate degree	2 (2)	1 (2)	1 (2)
Unavailable	17 (16)	6 (11)	11 (21)
Religion
Catholic	24 (23)	7 (13)	17 (32)	0.890
Protestant	24 (23)	11 (21)	13 (25)
Buddhism	10 (10)	3 (6)	7 (13)
Other	48 (45)	32 (60)	16 (30)

	Patient and family member barrier	Provider barrier	Systemic barrier
EOL discussion was not recommended (n=18, 34%)	-	Discomfort with emotion involved (n=1)	-
	-	-	Late referral: poor physical condition when patients were transferred (n=17)
EOL discussion was recommended and patients were excluded (n=4, 8%)	Family's concern about patient's distress (n=1)	-	-
	Refusal without any reason (n=1)	-	-
	-	-	Late referral: poor physical condition when patients were transferred (n=2)

Factor	Crude odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age (> 60 yr vs. < 60 yr)	4.894 (1.488-16.097)	0.009^*	2.919 (0.617-13.815)	0.177
Sex (female vs. male)	2.479 (0.766-8.028)	0.130	2.806 (0.462-17.031)	0.262
Education (≥ high school graduate vs. ≤ middle school graduate)	3.630 (1.155-11.406)	0.027^*	9.586 (1.355-67.788)	0.024^*
Time from diagnosis to completion of advance directive (> 2 yr vs. < 2 yr)	22.000 (2.620-184.752)	0.004^*	70.312 (4.745-1041.883)	0.002^*

Factor	Documented preference for EOL	No.	Treatment Received during EOL	No.	Concordance rate
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation	Yes	0	Received	0	31/31 (100)
	No	31	Not received	31
Tube feeding/Total parenteral nutrition	Yes	9	Received	1	23/31 (74.2)
	No	22	Not received	30
Renal replacement therapy	Yes	0	Received	0	31/31 (100)
	No	31	Not received	31
Palliative sedation	Yes	22	Received	7	16/31 (51.6)
	No	9	Not received	24

Table 1. Patients’ characteristics

Values are presented as number (%). AD, advance directive; DNR, do not resuscitate.

Table 2. Barriers to patient participation in EOL discussion in the advance directives era (n=22)

EOL, end-of-life.

Table 3. Factors affecting advance directive completion (n=53)

Statistically significant.

Table 4. Outcomes of advance directives

Values are presented as number (%). EOL, end-of-life.