Cancer Research and Treatment

Prognostic Factors for Relapse and the Role of Maintenance Therapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: A Real-World Multicenter Study in Korea: Kunye Kwak, Mihee Kim, Dongjin Shin, Changgon Kim, Yoon Seok Choi, Ka-Won Kang, Byung Soo Kim, Min Ji Jeon, Eun Sang Yu, Dae Sik Kim, Chul Won Choi, Byung-Hyun Lee, Se Ryeon Lee, Hwa Jung Sung, Chang-Hoon Lee, Seo-Yeon Ahn, Ho-Young Yhim, Jae-Sook Ahn, Yong Park; Received August 26, 2025 Accepted November 6, 2025 Published online November 10, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.929 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is curable, but relapse remains a concern, particularly in patients treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and chemotherapy-based regimens. The identification of prognostic factors for relapse is important for enhanced survival outcomes.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective multicenter study analyzed the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for relapse in 286 Korean patients treated with ATRA and idarubicin-based chemotherapy protocols between 2002 and 2024.
Results
Propensity score-matched analysis revealed key prognostic factors, such as post-consolidation measurable residual disease (MRD) (hazard ratio [HR]: 20.16, p<0.001) and male sex (HR: 5.96; p=0.016). No significant benefit of ATRA-based maintenance therapy was observed in relapse-free survival, compared with observation alone. We also found that FLT3-internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations were associated with an increased risk of relapse.
Conclusion
These findings highlight prognostic factors for relapse and the importance of individualized therapeutic strategies for high-risk patients. Moreover, our findings indicate that post-consolidation MRD is the most significant predictor of relapse, emphasizing the need for molecular profiling and longitudinal monitoring. Future prospective studies should validate these prognostic markers and refine personalized therapeutic approaches for APL.

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Prognostic Impact of Organ-Specific Metastasis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Woo Kyung Ryu, Munkhtsatsral Ganbaatar, Nuri Park, Hyun Young Lee, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Jeong-Seon Ryu, Jun Hyeok Lim; Received March 3, 2025 Accepted October 2, 2025 Published online October 10, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.238 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Prognostic stratification is essential in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to guide treatment decisions. While the TNM staging system has evolved to refine the M category based on metastatic burden, it does not account for differences in prognosis based on the specific organ affected. This study evaluates whether incorporating organ-specific metastasis improves prognostic discrimination in stage IV NSCLC.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the Korean Central Cancer Registry (2014–2018). Patients with stage IV NSCLC were classified according to the 9th edition TNM classification: M1b (single-organ, single metastasis), M1c1 (multiple metastases within a single organ), and M1c2 (multiple organ metastases). Survival outcomes were compared across groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling.
Results
Among 3,165 patients, 56.5% had single-organ metastases, while 43.5% had multiple organ metastases. Median overall survival (OS) was longest in M1b (8.0 months), followed by M1c1 (6.0 months), and shortest in M1c2 (5.9 months) (p<0.001). However, survival varied by metastatic organ. Liver, adrenal, and uncommon-site metastases were associated with significantly worse OS, even among M1b patients. Some M1b and M1c1 patients with high-risk organ metastases had worse survival than M1c2 patients, challenging the TNM-defined prognostic hierarchy.
Conclusion
The current TNM M category does not fully capture the prognostic impact of metastatic organ involvement. Incorporating organ-specific metastases into staging and prognostic models could refine risk stratification and improve personalized treatment approaches for stage IV NSCLC.

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Alteration of HER2 Status Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: A Clinicopathological Analysis Focusing on HER2-Low Status: Hyun-Jung Sung, Hyun Jung Kwon, Kyungah Bai, Yul Ri Chung, Hee-Chul Shin, Eun-Kyu Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Se Hyun Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, So Yeon Park; Received July 22, 2025 Accepted September 18, 2025 Published online September 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.761 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to investigate alteration of HER2 status after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer and its impact on clinical outcomes of patients, focusing on HER2-low status.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed clinicopathological data of 1,063 breast cancer patients who underwent NAC between 2013 and 2020. Using paired samples of 670 patients with residual disease after NAC, we analyzed HER2 discordance rates between pre- and post-NAC samples, relationships between HER2 discordance and clinicopathological characteristics of tumors, and clinical outcomes of the patients.
Results
Pre-NAC HER2-low status was associated with a lower pathological complete response rate and higher Residual Cancer Burden class compared with HER2-zero and HER2-positive status. However, in subgroup analysis by hormone receptor (HR) status, no statistical differences were found in chemo-responsiveness between them. Following NAC, the overall HER2 discordance rate was 21.2% (κ = 0.676), and the most common type of alteration was zero-to-low (11.5%) conversion, followed by low-to-positive (3.6%) conversion. HER2 discordance was significantly associated with lower HER2 levels and HR positivity before NAC, as well as lymphovascular invasion, higher ypT stage, and axillary node metastasis in residual disease after NAC. In survival analyses, HER2 discordance was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-free survival of the patients, particularly within the HR-positive subgroup.
Conclusion
Given the prognostic implications of HER2 discordance which primarily involves zero-to-low conversion and the therapeutic benefits of newly developed antibody-drug conjugates in HER2-low breast cancers, HER2 status should be re-evaluated in surgical resection specimens following NAC.

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Concept of Depth of Invasion can Improve Staging Performance in Patients with Resected Distal Cholangiocarcinoma: Validation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System: Won-Gun Yun, Yoon Soo Chae, Youngmin Han, Young Jae Cho, Hye-Sol Jung, Wooil Kwon, Joon Seong Park, Haeryoung Kim, Kyoung Bun Lee, Jin-Young Jang; Received April 12, 2025 Accepted August 22, 2025 Published online August 25, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.406 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system for distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCC) has evolved significantly. However, the prognostic correlation of the newly proposed staging system remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to compare the staging performance between AJCC 7th and 8th editions for dCC.
Materials and Methods
We reviewed pathological slides of consecutive patients who underwent resection for dCC between 2000 and 2022. According to the AJCC 8th edition, depth of invasion was defined as the distance from the basement membrane of adjacent normal or dysplastic epithelium to the deepest tumor invasion. We analyzed changes in the T category from the AJCC 7th to 8th edition and assessed overall survival and recurrence based on these staging systems.
Results
Among 428 patients, application of the 8th edition resulted in down-staging of 272 (63.6%) patients and up-staging of only 13 (3.0%). Lymph node metastases were identified in 150 (35.1%) patients, with 29 (6.8%) having ≥ 4 metastatic nodes. The C-indices for overall survival and recurrence are 0.557 and 0.569 for the T stage of the AJCC 7th edition, and 0.606 and 0.631 for that of the AJCC 8th edition (95% confidence interval for delta: 0.005–0.092 for survival, 0.023–0.100 for recurrence). Additionally, the T category of the 8th edition correlated more strongly with lymph node metastases than that of the 7th edition.
Conclusion
In dCC, the T category of the AJCC 8th edition demonstrates improved prognostic correlation and better alignment with lymph node metastases compared to that of the 7th edition.

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Clinicopathological Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating T Lymphocytes and Macrophages in Primary Large B-Cell Lymphoma of Immune-Privileged Sites: Jinseong Kim, Deokhoon Kim, Hyungwoo Cho, Dok-Hyun Yoon, Heounjeong Go; Received June 19, 2025 Accepted August 12, 2025 Published online August 13, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.641 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF

Purpose
Immune-privileged large B-cell lymphomas (IP-LBCLs), comprising primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNS-LBCL), primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVR-LBCL), and primary testicular lymphoma (PT-LBCL), originate in sites with limited immune surveillance. Owing to their rarity, the prognostic implications of the tumor microenvironment in IP-LBCLs remain unclear, warranting further investigation.
Materials and Methods
This study evaluated 109 IP-LBCL cases (PCNS-LBCL, n=87; PT-LBCL, n=22; six cases of PVR-LBCL excluded) using multiplex immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays, along with clinicopathological analysis. Immune cell infiltration, tumor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, and their associations with clinical outcomes, were evaluated.
Results
PT-LBCL demonstrated higher infiltration of all tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte (TIL) subsets than PCNS-LBCL (all p<0.05). Elevated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cell levels correlated with prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) (both p<0.05). M1 macrophage infiltration was associated with improved PFS (p=0.005) and independently predicted a favorable prognosis (hazard ratio = 0.49, p=0.041). Loss of MHC class I expression was more frequent in PT-LBCL than in PCNS-LBCL (77.3% vs. 9.2%; p<0.001). TIL infiltration predicted improved PFS only when the tumor MHC class I was preserved. Moreover, programmed death protein-1 (PD-1)⁺ TILs and tumor PD-L1 expression were associated with prognosis in conjunction with various clinicopathological variables.
Conclusion
These findings highlight the favorable prognostic role of TILs and M1 macrophages, and underscore the complex immune–tumor interactions in IP-LBCLs, despite their origin in immune-privileged sites.

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The Landscape of Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma (PCNSL): Clinicopathologic and Genomic Characteristics and Therapeutic Perspectives
Huijuan Jiang, Lin Nong
Cancers.2025; 17(17): 2909. CrossRef

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BTG1 Mutation Correlates with Inferior Prognosis in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Chun-Yu Shang, Wei Hua, Tong-Yao Xing, Kai-Xin Du, Yi-fan Wu, Yue Li, Hua Yin, Hao-Rui Shen, Li Wang, Jian-Yong Li, Rui Gao, Wei Xu, Jin-Hua Liang; Received May 8, 2025 Accepted July 30, 2025 Published online July 30, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.494 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
B celltranslocation gene 1 (BTG1) is a highly conserved gene and recurrently mutated in the MCD subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The speciﬁc enrichment of BTG1 mutation (BTG1^mut) raises a potential hypothesis that they may actively contribute to DLBCL. However, the biological characteristics and prognostic significance of BTG1 in DLBCL remain to be explored. Therefore, the objective of our study was to evaluate the value of BTG1 in DLBCL.
Materials and Methods
The available clinical information and corresponding mutation data of DLBCL were obtained from published articles. Tumor tissue samples of DLBCL patients diagnosed in Jiangsu Province Hospital (JSPH) from 2021 to 2023 were collected for NGS, 195 samples were analyzed the gene expression levels using RNA-seq, among them, 40 samples were analyzed by untargeted metabolomic.
Results
We enrolled 2,379 DLBCL patients from 5 published studies and 243 DLBCL patients from Jiangsu Province Hospital (JSPH) cohort. 11.0% (262/2379) of patients were BTG1^mut in external cohort, compared with 25.1% (61/243) in the JSPH cohort. BTG1^mut was associated with adverse clinical features and was prone to involve testis. Patients with BTG1^mut exhibit inferior overall survival (OS). Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis of the untargeted metabolomic showed that several meaningful pathways have been found such as amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism.
Conclusion
BTG1 mutation was promising prognostic predictor for DLBCL. The mechanism driving different survival outcomes may be attributed to the tumor metabolic reprogramming.

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Malignant Hepatocellular Neoplasm, Not Otherwise Specified, Displays Poorer Chemoresponsiveness and Postoperative Prognosis Than Hepatoblastoma: In Hye Song, Sujin Gang, Hee Mang Yoon, Pyeong Hwa Kim, Bokyung Ahn, Jihun Kim, Deok Hoon Kim, Jung-Man Namgoong, Kyung-Nam Koh; Received February 1, 2025 Accepted May 9, 2025 Published online May 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.117 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Purpose
Malignant hepatocellular neoplasm, not otherwise specified (HCN-NOS) is a provisional diagnostic entity, characterised by intermediate or a combination of hepatoblastoma and pediatric hepatocellular carcinoma (p-HCC) features. We compared the characteristics of HCN-NOS with hepatoblastoma and p-HCC.
Materials and Methods
The records of 148 pediatric patients diagnosed with hepatocellular malignancy after resection were retrieved from the institutional database. Clinical parameters and histopathology slides were reviewed to re-establish each patient’s diagnosis. Molecular analyses were conducted in 37 patients.
Results
Patients were profiled as 21 (14.2%) with HCN-NOS, 109 (73.6%) with hepatoblastoma, and 18 (12.2%) with p-HCC. The median age was 8.6 years in HCN-NOS, 1.2 years in hepatoblastoma, and 7.9 years in p-HCC. Background liver disease was frequently observed in p-HCC (11/18, 61%) but infrequent in HCN-NOS (4/21, 19%) and hepatoblastoma (4/109, 3.7%). HCN-NOS presented with a more advanced PRETEXT stage (p=0.012), metastasis (p < 0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (p < 0.001) than hepatoblastoma and p-HCC. Patients with HCN-NOS received longer cycles of preoperative chemotherapy; however, they reported a lower decrease in serum alpha-fetoprotein and tumor size than hepatoblastoma (p=0.043, p=0.004, and p=0.044, respectively). HCN-NOS was an independent poor prognostic factor for event-free survival (hazard ratio, 4.968; 95% confidence interval, 2.004 to 12.32; p < 0.001).
Conclusion
The possibility of HCN-NOS should be considered in pediatric patients with liver cancer, especially those ≥ 5 years old with no background liver disease. Because HCN-NOS exhibits poor chemoresponsiveness and unfavourable postoperative prognosis, liver transplantation should be strongly considered.

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Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer after Neoadjuvant Therapy: Essential or Optional?: Di Zhang, Luo Yang, Yuan Zheng, Qi Zhou; Received December 31, 2024 Accepted April 20, 2025 Published online April 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1254 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) on survival outcomes in breast cancer (BC) patients who have already undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by surgery.
Materials and Methods
Data from a population-based cohort (2010-2020) were analyzed for BC patients treated with NAC and surgery. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression identified prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), and a nomogram was developed and validated. Personalized scores from the nomogram were used for risk stratification to assess the effect of postoperative AC.
Results
A total of 15,921 BC patients were analyzed, with 11,144 in the training cohort and 4,777 in the validation cohort. The key prognostic indicators for OS included age, race, marital status, histological grade, BC subtype, T category, N category, type of surgery, and response to NAC (all p < 0.05). The nomogram effectively predicted individualized OS rates and stratified patients into various risk categories. Postoperative AC was found to significantly enhance OS in the high-risk subgroup (p=0.011 in the training cohort, p=0.012 in the overall population). However, for the low-risk subgroup, there was no significant survival benefit from postoperative AC (p=0.130 for the training cohort, p=0.588 for the overall population), suggesting that some patients might safely forgo unnecessary postoperative AC.
Conclusion
This study efficiently differentiates between varying levels of risk, enabling clinicians to identify patients unlikely to benefit from postoperative AC and thus reduce the likelihood of overtreatment.

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Survival Rates of Patients with Gastric Cancer According to Age and Sex: A Large-Scale Study Using Data from 14,739 Patients: Yonghoon Choi, Nayoung Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Hyeong Ho Jo, Hyeon Jeong Oh, Hye Seung Lee, Yu Kyung Jun, Hyuk Yoon, Cheol Min Shin, Young Soo Park, Dong Ho Lee, So Hyun Kang, Young Suk Park, Sang-Hoon Ahn, Yun-Suhk Suh, Do Joong Park, Hyung Ho Kim, Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Won Chang, Yoon Jin Lee, Kyoung Ho Lee, Young Hoon Kim; Received February 9, 2025 Accepted April 15, 2025 Published online April 16, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.149 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
The male predominance in the incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is established; however, sex differences in the prognosis of GC remain controversial. As such, this study analyzed the prognosis of patients with GC based on age and sex.
Materials and Methods
Data from 14,739 patients diagnosed with GC at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between 2003 and 2023 were analyzed. Baseline characteristics, histological types of GC, overall and GC-specific survival rates (age and stage stratification), and associated risk factors were analyzed.
Results
Females were significantly younger (p < 0.001) and exhibited more gastric body cancers (p < 0.001) and tumors with diffuse-type or poorly differentiated histology (p < 0.001) than males. Females exhibited an advantage over males in terms of overall survival (p=0.004), but not in GC-specific survival. However, age stratification revealed significant sex differences, that females < 50 years of age exhibited survival disadvantages (p < 0.001); however, this trend was reversed with age, and females > 60 years exhibited survival advantages (p < 0.001) for both overall and GC-specific survival. This may be explained by the lower ratio of diffuse-type GC as females age. Furthermore, in the analysis according to stage, females with stage IV disease exhibited significant survival disadvantages, with significantly younger age and a higher proportion of diffuse-type GC which exhibits aggressive features, resulting in poorer survival than in males.
Conclusion
Age and stage stratification revealed significant differences in survival between the sexes, which can be helpful for public health strategies.

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Efficacy of Chemotherapy Following Prior PARP-Inhibitor Treatment in Patients with Ovarian Cancer: Jung Chul Kim, Junsik Park, Yong Jae Lee, Eun Ji Nam, Sang Wun Kim, Sung-Hoon Kim, Young Tae Kim, Se Ik Kim, Jae-Weon Kim, Byoung-Gie Kim, Jung-Yun Lee; Received December 23, 2024 Accepted March 16, 2025 Published online March 19, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1202 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Considering the current lack of consensus on post–poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) treatment strategies, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of subsequent therapy and compare the outcomes of regimes in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer after PARPi treatment.
Materials and Methods
This multi-center retrospective cohort study analyzed data on patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer between January 2012 and June 2023 who had previously used PARPi after first- to fourth-line platinum-based chemotherapy. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), which was the interval between recurrence after using PARPi and subsequent recurrence in the case of recurrence.
Results
Of 318 patients, 147/318 (46.2%) recurred after the PARPi maintenance. Patients were categorized into groups based on subsequent therapy except non-treated (11/147, 7.5%): platinum-based chemotherapy (89/147, 60.5%), non-platinum-based chemotherapy (21/147, 14.3%), other treatments (26/147, 17.7%), and the median PFS (mPFS) for each group were 7.3, 4.8, and 11.4 months, respectively. Among the platinum-based chemotherapy group, the gemcitabine+carboplatin regimen demonstrated a longer mPFS (10.1 months) than the other regimens (6.6 months, p=0.019). In non-platinum-based chemotherapy, no statistically significant differences were observed among the regimens. And, in the other therapy group, where the proportion of patients with oligometastasis was as high as 88.5%, no significant differences were observed among the therapies, including other modalities.
Conclusion
In the subsequent chemotherapy of recurrent ovarian cancer after platinum-based chemotherapy and PARPi, the gemcitabine+carboplatin regimen demonstrated a potential to delay recurrence more effectively compared to other therapies.

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General

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Aberrations Identified by Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients with Metastatic Cancers: Minkyue Shin, Dae-Ho Choi, Jaeyun Jung, Deok Geun Kim, Minae An, Sung Hee Lim, Seung Tae Kim, Jung Yong Hong, Se Hoon Park, Joon Oh Park, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Jeeyun Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):932-941. Published online February 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.564

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target with confirmed clinical efficacy for several cancer types. We aimed to identify EGFR aberrations and their associations with other genomic alterations in patients with metastatic diseases of various cancers.
Materials and Methods
We used real-world data from the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 3,286 patients with metastatic cancer at the Samsung Medical Center. We analyzed the distribution of EGFR amplification, mutation, and fusion, as well as their correlations with microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and other gene aberrations.
Results
A total of 3,286 patients were tested using NGS of a panel covering 523 cancer-related genes (TSO500, Illumina) as part of clinical practice between October 2019 and October 2022. Patients with lung cancer and gliomas were not included in the analysis. Of the 3,286 patients, 175 (5.3%) had EGFR amplification, 38 (1.2%) had EGFR mutations, and eight (0.2%) had EGFR fusion. All 175 patients with EGFR amplifications had microsatellite-stable tumors, but 102 had co-amplifications in other cancer-related genes, and 78 had mutations with clinical significance (tier I/II). Among the 38 patients with EGFR mutations, three (8%) showed MSI-high status, and 11 (29%) demonstrated high TMB (≥ 10 mutations/Mb). Among eight patients with EGFR fusion, three exhibited possible functionalities of the EGFR gene.
Conclusion
EGFR aberrations, mainly amplification, followed by mutation and fusion, were present in 6.4% of patients with metastatic solid tumors.

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Gynecologic cancer

Validation of 2023 FIGO Stage IA1-IIIC2 Endometrial Carcinoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Two Tertiary Centers in South Korea and Taiwan: Myeong-Seon Kim, Yen-Ling Lai, Yurimi Lee, Hyun-Soo Kim, Yu-Li Chen, Yoo-Young Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):1187-1197. Published online February 17, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1190

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
As understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma (EC) advanced, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system was revised in 2023. This study compared EC survival outcomes using the 2009 and 2023 FIGO staging systems.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 3,029 patients diagnosed with 2009 FIGO stage I-III EC between 1985 and 2022 in South Korea, and between 2020 and 2022 in Taiwan. All patients were reclassified using the 2023 FIGO staging, and survival and risk factors were examined under both systems.
Results
Transitioning from the 2009 to 2023 FIGO resulted in 549 patients (18.0%) being upstaged and their survival curves being diversified, indicating significant prognostic value of the 2023 FIGO. Re-classification using the 2023 FIGO upstaged the 2009 FIGO stage IA high-risk ECs, allowing more intensive treatment and potentially improving survival outcomes. The most significant changes occurred in the 2009 FIGO stages IA, IB, and IIIA ECs: upstaging in 16.5%, 49.0%, and 2.0% of IA, IB, and IIIA tumors, respectively, and downstaging 0.3% and 40.8% of IB and IIIA tumors, respectively. The risk factors for poor survival included old age (≥ 60 years), menopause, diabetes, substantial lymphovascular space invasion, aberrant p53 expression, and some aggressive histological types (carcinosarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, mesonephric-like adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma).
Conclusion
The 2023 FIGO staging provides more refined stratification of early-stage EC than the 2009 version. Thus, the 2023 FIGO may more accurately guide prognosis and therapeutic decision-making.

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Improved Prognostic Stratification with the FIGO 2023 Staging System in Endometrial Cancer: Real-World Validation in 2969 Patients
Jun-Hyeong Seo, Soo-Min Kim, Yoo-Young Lee, Tae-Joong Kim, Jeong-Won Lee, Byoung-Gie Kim, Chel Hun Choi
Cancers.2025; 17(17): 2871. CrossRef

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1 Crossref

Hematologic malignancy

Literature-Guided 6-Gene Signature for the Stratification of High-Risk Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Jong Keon Song, Dong Hyeok Lee, Hyery Kim, Sang-Hyun Hwang; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):1207-1217. Published online January 24, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1114

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) shows significant heterogeneity in therapeutic responses. We aimed to develop a gene signature for the stratification of high-risk pediatric AML using publicly available AML datasets, with a focus on literature-based prognostic gene sets.
Materials and Methods
We identified 300 genes from 12 well-validated studies on AML-related gene signatures. Clinical and gene expression data were obtained from three datasets: TCGA-LAML, TARGET-AML, and BeatAML. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator–Cox regression analysis was used to perform the initial gene selection and to construct a prognostic model using the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (n=132). The final gene signature was validated with two independent cohorts: BeatAML (n=411) and TARGET-AML (n=187).
Results
We identified a six-gene signature (ETFB, ARL6IP5, PTP4A3, CSK, HS3ST3B1, PLA2G4A), referred to as the literature-based signature 6 (LBS6), that was significantly associated with lower overall survival rates across the TCGA (high-risk [HR], 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.59 to 6.81; p < 0.001), BeatAML (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.96; p=0.001), and TARGET (HR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.36 to 3.08; p < 0.001) datasets. The high-LBS6 score group exhibited significantly poorer five-year event-free survival compared to the low-LBS6 score group (HR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.38 to 3.15; p < 0.001). After adjusting for key risk factors, including gene mutations (WT1, FLT3, and NPM1), protocol-based risk group, white blood cell count, and age, the LBS6 score was independently associated with worse survival rates in validation cohorts.
Conclusion
Our literature-driven approach identified a robust gene signature that stratifies AML patients into distinct risk groups. The LBS6 score shows promise in redefining initial risk stratification and identifying high-risk AML patients.

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Rare cancer

Outcomes of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Large Uveal Melanoma: A Retrospective Analysis of Asian Population: Jong Won Park, Seowoong Jun, Ki Chang Keum, Christopher Seungkyu Lee, Kyung Hwan Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):1218-1230. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.580

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with large uveal melanoma (UM).
Materials and Methods
We conducted a retrospective review of 64 consecutive patients with UM treated with CyberKnife at Yonsei Cancer Center from September 2015 to October 2021. The median radiation dose was 60 Gy (range, 48 to 64 Gy) administered in four fractions every alternate day. The local failure-free rate (LFFR), distant metastasis-free rate (DMFR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was performed to analyze the predictive factors affecting survival outcomes and the factors associated with vision loss.
Results
The median tumor diameter and height were 11.5 mm and 8.4 mm, respectively. After a median follow-up of 32.1 months (range, 4.9 to 89.9 months), the 3-year LFFR, DMFR, PFS, and OS were 89.5%, 70.5%, 65.5%, and 89.4%, respectively. Enucleation was performed in 13 (20.3%) patients, with three cases attributed to disease progression. A larger tumor diameter was associated with significantly worse DMFR (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35; p=0.015) and OS (HR, 1.49; p=0.026) in the multivariate analysis. Regarding visual prognosis, 41 patients (64.1%) had baseline visual acuity ≥ 20/200, but only four patients (6.3%) maintained visual acuity ≥ 20/200 by the final follow-up. Initial visual acuity ≥ 20/40 (HR, 0.45; p=0.030) was the single favorable significant factor predicting visual retention ≥ 20/200 in multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
SBRT using CyberKnife demonstrated a comparable local control rate to that observed in historical studies for patients with large UM. Distant metastasis and treatment-related ocular toxicity remain the limitations of this treatment.

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Carbon Ion Versus Photon-based Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy for Patients with Choroidal Melanoma
Jina Kim, Masaru Wakatsuki, Shuri Aoki, Jong Won Park, Nao Kobayashi, Ki Chang Keum, Hirokazu Makishima, Christopher Seungkyu Lee, Hitoshi Ishikawa, Kyung Hwan Kim
Advances in Radiation Oncology.2025; 10(12): 101915. CrossRef

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Breast cancer

Prognostic Performance of the Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Multigene Assay in Early Breast Cancer Patients Treated According to the 21-Gene Assay Results: Eunhye Kang, Jong-Ho Cheun, Jeeyeon Lee, Jiwon Koh, Hyunwoo Lee, Ji-Young Park, Hee Jin Lee, Byeongju Kang, Woong Ki Park, Jeongeun Son, Bumjoon Kim, Woosung Chung, Wonshik Han, Han-Byoel Lee, Sae Byul Lee, Jai Min Ryu; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):749-759. Published online December 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1035

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Multigene assays guide treatment decisions in early-stage hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. OncoFREE, a next-generation sequencing assay using 179 genes, was developed for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the concordance between the Oncotype DX (ODX) recurrence score (RS) and the OncoFREE Decision Index (DI) and to compare their performance.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively collected tumor blocks from patients who underwent ODX and treatment between 2012 and 2022 at four tertiary hospitals and performed OncoFREE on these samples. Distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) was compared using RS and DI, with score cut-offs of 25 and 20, respectively.
Results
Among 838 patients, a strong correlation was observed between RS and DI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.83). At a median follow-up of 54 months, patients with high DI had significantly worse DMFS compared to those with low-DI (log-rank p < 0.001; hazard ratio [HR], 5.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87 to 17.57; multivariable p=0.048; HR, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.01 to 11.76). In 513 patients aged ≤ 50 years, DMFS was significantly different as a function of DI (p=0.035; HR, 3.98; 95% CI, 1.00 to 15.89) but not RS (p=0.792). Among 376 patients aged ≤ 50 years who avoided chemotherapy based on low-RS, 64 with high DI had worse DMFS (p=0.015; HR, 5.91; 95% CI, 1.17 to 29.78).
Conclusion
OncoFREE showed strong concordance with ODX and effectively identified high-risk patients, particularly in younger individuals. It could be an affordable alternative to ODX for guiding treatment in hormone receptor-positive early breast cancer.

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Head and Neck cancer

Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Docetaxel/Cisplatin/5-Fluorouracil Combined with Pegteograstim for Unresectable, Locally Advanced Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: KCSG HN18-07: Bhumsuk Keam, Ho Jung An, Seong Hoon Shin, Min Kyoung Kim, Jung Hae Cho, Seyoung Seo, Sung-Bae Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):701-708. Published online December 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1025

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
The role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC) has not been established prospectively. We conducted a phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil (TPF) in this population.
Materials and Methods
Eligible patients had unresectable, locally advanced SNSCC, defined as T3/4 category or potential compromise of critical organ function on surgery. Three TPF (docetaxel 75 mg/m2 and cisplatin 75 mg/m2 on day 1, 5-fluorouracil 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1-4 every 3 weeks) cycles were administered with prophylactic pegteograstim. The primary outcome was the objective response rate (ORR); the secondary outcomes included 2-year progression-free survival (PFS), eyeball preservation rate, and safety.
Results
Among 28 patients screened, 25 were evaluable for efficacy (one screen-failure; two evaluable for safety only). The confirmed ORR was 72.0%. The definitive post-NAC treatment comprised chemoradiotherapy (n=15) and surgery (n=10). With a median follow-up of 25.5 months, median PFS was not reached and the 2-year PFS rate was 60.4%. Response to NAC was related to prolonged PFS (p=0.038). No patient underwent eyeball exenteration at the data cutoff point. Treatment-related adverse events of grade ≥ 3 were neutropenia (48.1%) including febrile neutropenia (14.8%), followed by acute kidney injury (22.2%), nausea/vomiting (11.1%), anemia (7.4%), thrombocytopenia (7.4%), and enterocolitis (3.7%).
Conclusion
TPF NAC showed a promising efficacy and might help preserve critical structures in this population, which needs to be validated in a large prospective trial (KCT0003377).

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Breast cancer

Machine Learning–Based Prognostic Gene Signature for Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Ju Won Kim, Jonghyun Lee, Sung Hak Lee, Sangjeong Ahn, Kyong Hwa Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):731-740. Published online November 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.937

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
This study aimed to develop a machine learning–based approach to identify prognostic gene signatures for early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using next-generation sequencing data from Asian populations.
Materials and Methods
We utilized next-generation sequencing data to analyze gene expression profiles and identify potential biomarkers. Our methodology involved integrating various machine learning techniques, including feature selection and model optimization. We employed logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to validate the identified gene signatures.
Results
We identified a gene signature significantly associated with relapse in TNBC patients. The predictive model demonstrated robustness and accuracy, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.9087, sensitivity of 0.8750, and specificity of 0.9231. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed a strong association between the gene signature and patient relapse, further validated by logistic regression analysis.
Conclusion
This study presents a novel machine learning-based prognostic tool for TNBC, offering significant implications for early detection and personalized treatment. The identified gene signature provides a promising approach for improving the management of TNBC, contributing to the advancement of precision oncology.

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Predictive Value of the nProfiler 1 Assay for the Efficacy of Adjuvant S-1–Based Doublet Chemotherapy in Stage III Gastric Cancer: A Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Phase III Trial: Dong Ki Lee, Choong-kun Lee, Hyo Song Kim, Sun Jin Sym, Dae Young Zang, Ki Hyang Kim, Joo Han Lim, Hae Su Kim, Kyung Hee Lee, Heon Yung Gee, Sun Young Rha, Hyunki Kim, Minkyu Jung; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):770-780. Published online November 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.705

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
The nProfiler 1 Stomach Cancer Assay (nProfiler1), designed to predict responses to fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy, measures the expression of four gastric cancer target genes (GZMB, WARS, SFRP4, and CDX1). The randomized phase III POST trial aimed to compare the efficacies of two adjuvant S-1-based doublet chemotherapies: S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) and S-1 plus docetaxel (DS). This study aimed to validate the nProfiler1 assay using a distinct cohort from the POST trial.
Materials and Methods
The nProfiler1 assay stratifies patients into three groups (low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk) using the prognostic single-patient classifier and two groups (chemotherapy-benefit and no-benefit) using the predictive single-patient classifier. The nProfiler1 assay was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slides obtained from the POST trial. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), including 5-year survival rates, were calculated for the enrolled patients.
Results
Of the 153 patients in the POST trial, 118 were included in the post-hoc analysis. With a median follow-up of 57.9 months, no significant difference in DFS or OS was observed between the SP and DS groups. The prognostic single-patient classifier predicted the OS in the SP group (p=0.043) but not in the DS group (p=0.594). The chemotherapy-benefit group exhibited numerically longer DFS than the no-benefit group in the SP and DS groups.
Conclusion
The nProfiler1 assay offers valuable insights into the prognosis and efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy based on fluorouracil plus platinum doublet regimens but not docetaxel-containing regimens. Further validation with larger patient cohorts and different regimens is warranted.

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General

Association between Tumor Size at the Time of Disease Progression and Survival Outcomes: Chi Hoon Maeng, Bum Jun Kim, Myung-Ju Ahn, In Sil Choi, Dae Young Zang, Bo-Hyung Kim, Minji Kwon, Dae Seog Heo, Bhumsuk Keam; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):362-368. Published online October 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.690

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study evaluates the prognostic significance of tumor size at disease progression (PD) and depth of response (DOR) in cancer patients.
Materials and Methods
We performed post hoc analysis using data from six prospective clinical trials conducted by the Korean Cancer Study Group. Patients with tumor size at PD was categorized into ‘Mild PD’ and ‘Significant PD’ based on the cutoff values of relative change from baseline using maximally selected rank statistics. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were compared between PD and DOR categories.
Results
Among the 194 evaluable patients, 130 experienced PD. A 35.48% decrease from baseline in tumor size at PD was chosen for the cutoff between mild and significant PD for OS (mild PD: tumor size from the baseline ≤ −35.48%; significant PD > −35.48%). The mild PD had superior OS compared to the significant PD (25.8 vs. 12.8 months; Hazard ratio [HR] 0.47, 95% CI 0.266-0.843, p=0.009). When using an exploratory cutoff based on whether the tumor size was below vs. exceeded from the baseline (mild PD: tumor size from the baseline ≤ 0%; significant PD > 0%), OS remained significantly longer in the mild PD (17.1 vs. 11.8 months; HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.392-0.932, p=0.021). The greatest DOR was associated with the longest OS and PFS (p<0.001 for both).
Conclusion
Tumor size at PD and DOR were significant prognostic factors for progressive disease. Maintaining a sufficiently reduced tumor size even during PD was associated with better survival outcomes.

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Pathology features of recurrent meningioma
V.V. Ushanov, Yu.M. Zabrodskaya, A.Yu. Ulitin, D.A. Sitovskaya, A.S. Sharova, A.A. Paltsev, A.V. Vasilenko, K.K. Kukanov
Russian Journal of Archive of Pathology.2025; 87(5): 28. CrossRef

2,982 View
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1 Crossref

Pediatric cancer

Survival of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Risk Group–Based Protocol Changes: A Single-Center Experience with 460 Patients over a 20-Year Period: Na Hee Lee, Hee Young Ju, Eun Sang Yi, Young Bae Choi, Keon Hee Yoo, Hong Hoe Koo; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):558-569. Published online September 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.127

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Recent treatments for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are founded on risk stratification. We examined the survival rates and prognostic factors of patients over a 20-year period at a single institution.
Materials and Methods
This study analyzed patients diagnosed with ALL and treated at the Pediatric Department of Samsung Medical Center (SMC). Patients were categorized into standard-risk (SR), high-risk (HR), and very high-risk (VHR) groups. The SMC protocol for the HR group underwent two changes during the study period: a modified Children’s Cancer Group (CCG)-1882 protocol was used from 2000 to 2005, the Korean multicenter HR ALL-0601 protocol from 2006 to 2014, and the Korean multicenter HR ALL-1501 protocol from 2015 to 2019.
Results
Of the 460 patients, complete remission was achieved in 436 patients (94.8%). The 10-year overall survival rate (OS) was 83.8±1.9% for all patients. OS according to the SMC risk group was as follows: 95.9%±1.4% in the SR group, 83.8%±3.6% in the HR group, and 66.2%±6.9% in the VHR group. The 5-year OS within the HR group varied according to the treatment protocol: 73.9%±7.5%, in the modified CCG-1882 protocol, 83.0%±3.9%, in the 0601 protocol, and 96.2%±2.6%, in the 1501 protocol. For those aged 15 years and older, the OS was only 56.5%±13.1%. Relapse occurred in 71 patients (15.4%), and the OS after relapse was 37.7%±6.0%.
Conclusion
The treatment outcomes of patients with ALL improved markedly. However, there is a need to further characterize adolescents and young adult patients, as well as those who have experienced relapses.

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Global Challenges in Paediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Shekhar Krishnan, Vaskar Saha
Acta Haematologica.2025; : 1. CrossRef

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1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Sarcoma

Integrated Transcriptomic Landscape and Deep Learning Based Survival Prediction in Uterine Sarcomas: Yaolin Song, Guangqi Li, Zhenqi Zhang, Yinbo Liu, Huiqing Jia, Chao Zhang, Jigang Wang, Yanjiao Hu, Fengyun Hao, Xianglan Liu, Yunxia Xie, Ding Ma, Ganghua Li, Zaixian Tai, Xiaoming Xing; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(1):250-266. Published online July 10, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.343

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The genomic characteristics of uterine sarcomas have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the genomic landscape of the uterine sarcomas (USs).
Materials and Methods
Comprehensive genomic analysis through RNA-sequencing was conducted. Gene fusion, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), signaling pathway enrichment, immune cell infiltration, and prognosis were analyzed. A deep learning model was constructed to predict the survival of US patients.
Results
A total of 71 US samples were examined, including 47 endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS), 18 uterine leiomyosarcomas (uLMS), three adenosarcomas, two carcinosarcomas, and one uterine tumor resembling an ovarian sex-cord tumor. ESS (including high-grade ESS [HGESS] and low-grade ESS [LGESS]) and uLMS showed distinct gene fusion signatures; a novel gene fusion site, MRPS18A–PDC-AS1 could be a potential diagnostic marker for the pathology differential diagnosis of uLMS and ESS; 797 and 477 uterine sarcoma DEGs (uDEGs) were identified in the ESS vs. uLMS and HGESS vs. LGESS groups, respectively. The uDEGs were enriched in multiple pathways. Fifteen genes including LAMB4 were confirmed with prognostic value in USs; immune infiltration analysis revealed the prognositic value of myeloid dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophage M1, monocytes and hematopoietic stem cells in USs; the deep learning model named Max-Mean Non-Local multi-instance learning (MMN-MIL) showed satisfactory performance in predicting the survival of US patients, with the area under the receiver operating curve curve reached 0.909 and accuracy achieved 0.804.
Conclusion
USs harbored distinct gene fusion characteristics and gene expression features between HGESS, LGESS, and uLMS. The MMN-MIL model could effectively predict the survival of US patients.

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Mitochondrial Ribosomal Proteins and Cancer
Huiyi Wu, Xiaowei Zhu, Huilin Zhou, Min Sha, Jun Ye, Hong Yu
Medicina.2025; 61(1): 96. CrossRef
Molecular Insights in Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas: Exploring New Targets for Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Alice Costa, Annalisa Astolfi, Livia Gozzellino, Margherita Nannini, Gianandrea Pasquinelli, Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
Biomolecules.2025; 15(2): 265. CrossRef
Uncertainty-driven hybrid-view adaptive learning for fully automated uterine leiomyosarcoma diagnosis
Qi Li, Jingxian Wu, Xiyu Liu, Dengwang Li, Jie Xue
Medical Image Analysis.2025; 105: 103692. CrossRef
2.5D deep learning radiomics and clinical data for predicting occult lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma
Xiaoxin Huang, Xiaoxiao Huang, Kui Wang, Haosheng Bai, Xiuxian Lu, Guanqiao Jin
BMC Medical Imaging.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A four-gene signature identified by integrated transcriptomic analysis for differential diagnosis and prognosis of uterine smooth muscle tumors
Huiyi Hu, Yuanqun Chen, Bo Hong, Jia Liu, Yuchen Jiang, Zhiying Yu, Zhi-Jie Xiao, Jing Li
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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5 Crossref

Breast cancer

Endoxifen Concentration Is Associated with Recurrence-Free Survival in Hormone-Sensitive Breast Cancer Patients: Beomki Lee, Seok Jin Nam, Seok Won Kim, Jonghan Yu, Byung-Joo Chae, Se Kyung Lee, Jai Min Ryu, Jeong Eon Lee, Soo-Youn Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(1):140-149. Published online June 18, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1285

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Purpose
The metabolism of tamoxifen is influenced by various cytochrome p450 enzymes, including CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, leading to variations in the levels of endoxifen, even with the same tamoxifen dose. However, the clinical significance of endoxifen for the prognosis of breast cancer patients remains controversial. This study aimed to elucidate the relevance of endoxifen level to recurrence-free survival censored with tamoxifen discontinuation (RFSt), representing the RFS for tamoxifen itself, of breast cancer patients and determine a suitable cutoff for prognostication.
Materials and Methods
The study included 478 breast cancer patients. Tamoxifen and its metabolites, including endoxifen, were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An optimal cutoff was determined with maximally selected rank statistics. Survival analysis and Cox regression were conducted based on this cutoff.
Results
An endoxifen level of 21.00 ng/mL was the optimal cutoff for prognostication. Survival analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in RFSt between the low endoxifen group (≤ 21.00 ng/mL) and the high endoxifen group (> 21.00 ng/mL) (log-rank test, p=0.032). The 10-year probability of RFSt was 83.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 77.0 to 89.9) and 88.3% (95% CI, 83.3 to 93.5) in the low and high endoxifen groups, respectively. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression indicated endoxifen concentration as a significant factor associated with prognosis.
Conclusion
Endoxifen could serve as a marker for appropriate tamoxifen treatment with a cutoff of 21.00 ng/mL. Based on this cutoff, therapeutic drug monitoring would benefit patients displaying suboptimal endoxifen concentrations.

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Dural Metastasis in Breast Cancer: MRI-Based Morphological Subtypes and Their Clinical Implications: Sung Jun Ahn, Bio Joo, Mina Park, Hun Ho Park, Sang Hyun Suh, Sung Gwe Ahn, Jihwan Yoo; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1105-1112. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.138

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the clinical factors associated with breast cancer (BRCA) dural metastases (DMs), their impact on prognosis compared to brain parenchymal metastases (BPMs) alone, and differences between DM subtypes, aiming to inform clinical decisions.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 119 patients with BRCA with brain metastasis, including 91 patients with BPM alone and 28 patients with DM. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to compare the clinical characteristics between the two groups and within subtypes of DM. Overall survival after DM (OSDM) and the interval from DM to leptomeningeal carcinomatosis (LMC) were compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis.
Results
DM was notably linked with extracranial metastasis, luminal-like BRCA subtype (p=0.033), and skull metastases (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed a strong association of DM with extracranial and skull metastases, but not with subtype or hormone receptor status. Patients with DM did not show survival differences compared with patients with BPM alone. In the subgroup analysis, nodular-type DM correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status (p=0.044), whereas diffuse-type DM was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of the luminal-like subtype (p=0.048) and the presence of skull metastasis (p=0.002). Patients with diffuse DM did not exhibit a significant difference in OSDM but had a notably shorter interval from DM to LMC compared to those with nodular DM (p=0.049).
Conclusion
While the impact of DM on the overall prognosis of patients with BRCA is minimal, our findings underscore distinct characteristics and prognostic outcomes within DM subgroups.

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Small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix with leptomeningeal spread: A rare coincidence report and literature review
Mohammed A. Azab, Oday Atallah, Nour El-Gohary, Ahmed Hazim, Hamed Abdelma’aboud Mostafa
Surgical Neurology International.2024; 15: 310. CrossRef
Left homonymous hemianopia as an atypical manifestation of isolated pachymeningeal metastasis secondary to breast cancer: Case report and review of the literature
Aziz Ahizoune, Moad Belouad, Houda Alloussi, Mohamed Allaoui, Mohamed Hamid, Ahmed Bourazza
Radiology Case Reports.2024; 19(11): 5459. CrossRef

3,381 View
90 Download
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2 Crossref

Hematologic malignancy

CD19-Specific CAR-T Cell Treatment of 115 Children and Young Adults with Acute B Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Long-term Follow-up: Yu Wang, Yu-juan Xue, Ying-xi Zuo, Yue-ping Jia, Ai-dong Lu, Hui-min Zeng, Le-ping Zhang; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):945-955. Published online February 13, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1205

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Chemotherapy has been the primary treatment for patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). However, there are still patients who are not sensitive to chemotherapy, including those with refractory/relapse (R/R) disease and those experiencing minimal residual disease (MRD) re-emergence. Chimeric antigen receptor-T lymphocytes (CAR-T) therapy may provide a new treatment option for these patients.
Materials and Methods
Our institution conducted a single-arm prospective clinical trial (ChiCTR-OPN-17013507) using CAR-T-19 to treat R/R B-ALL and MRD re-emergent patients. One hundred and fifteen patients, aged 1-25 years (median age, 8 years), were enrolled, including 67 R/R and 48 MRD re-emergent CD19-positive B-ALL patients.
Results
All patients achieved morphologic complete remission (CR), and within 1 month after infusion, 111 out of 115 (96.5%) patients achieved MRD-negative CR. With a median follow-up time of 48.4 months, the estimated 4-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate were 68.7%±4.5% and 70.7%±4.3%, respectively. There were no significant differences in long-term efficacy observed among patients with different disease statuses before infusion (4-year OS: MRD re-emergence vs. R/R B-ALL, 70.6%±6.6% vs. 66.5%±6.1%, p=0.755; 4-year LFS: MRD re-emergence vs. R/R B-ALL, 67.3%±7.0% vs. 63.8%±6.2%, p=0.704). R/R B-ALL patients bridging to transplantation after CAR-T treatment had a superior OS and LFS compared to those who did not. However, for MRD re-emergent patients, there was no significant difference in OS and LFS, regardless of whether they underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or not.
Conclusion
CD19 CAR-T therapy effectively and safely cures both R/R B-ALL and MRD re-emergent patients.

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T cell exhaustion in pediatric B-ALL: current knowledge and future perspectives
Tanmaya Atre, Gregor S. D. Reid
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Healthy B cells: Allies or adversaries of CAR-T cell immunotherapy?
Emanuelle Arantes Paixão, Luciana R.C. Barros, Artur C. Fassoni, Regina C. Almeida
Computers in Biology and Medicine.2025; 196: 110797. CrossRef
Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for treatment of relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancy in children and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ghea Mangkuliguna, Edi Setiawan Tehuteru, Reganedgary Jonlean, Nicholas Adrianto, Stella Kallista
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2025; 68(9): 712. CrossRef
Safety and efficacy of CD19-targeted CAR-T-cell therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory TCF3-PBX1 fusion gene-positive B-ALL
Can Huang, Yuanyin Teng, Tingting Yang, Mingming Zhang, Yinghui Yu, Shan Fu, Jingjing Feng, He Huang, Yongxian Hu
Hematology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Biomarkers for predicting CAR-T cell therapy outcomes in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a systematic review
Yanhao Ke, Fen Zhou
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
CAR-T cell therapy shines as a beam of hope in the fight against acute leukemia
Wei Sun, Xiao-Jun Huang
Holistic Integrative Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

5,992 View
181 Download
4 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Feasibility of Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis in Patients with Follicular Lymphoma: Sang Eun Yoon, Seung-Ho Shin, Dae Keun Nam, Junhun Cho, Won Seog Kim, Seok Jin Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):920-935. Published online January 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.869

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The feasibility of sequencing circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma as a biomarker to predict early relapse or poor prognosis in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) receiving systemic immunochemotherapy is not clear.
Materials and Methods
We sequenced DNA from cell-free plasma that was serially obtained from newly diagnosed FL patients undergoing systemic immunochemotherapy. The mutation profiles of ctDNA at the time of diagnosis and at response evaluation and relapse and/or progression were compared with clinical course and treatment outcomes.
Results
Forty samples from patients receiving rituximab-containing immunochemotherapy were analyzed. Baseline sequencing detected mutations in all cases, with the major detected mutations being KMT2C (50%), CREBBP (45%), and KMT2D (45%). The concentration of ctDNA and tumor mutation burden showed a significant association with survival outcome. In particular, the presence of mutations in CREBBP and TP53 showed poor prognosis compared with patients without them. Longitudinal analysis of ctDNA using serially collected plasma samples showed an association between persistence or reappearance of ctDNA mutations and disease relapse or progression.
Conclusion
Analysis of ctDNA mutations in plasma at diagnosis might help predict outcome of disease, while analysis during follow-up may help to monitor disease status of patients with advanced FL. However, the feasibility of ctDNA measurement must be improved in order for it to become an appropriate and clinically relevant test in FL patients.

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Feasibility of Circulating Tumor DNA Detection in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients With Central Nervous System Involvement in Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Seok Jin Kim, Jin Ju Kim, Mi Ri Park, Bon Park, Kyung Ju Ryu, Sang Eun Yoon, Won Seog Kim, Saeam Shin, Seung-Tae Lee
Annals of Laboratory Medicine.2025; 45(1): 90. CrossRef
Circulating tumor DNA in lymphoma: technologies and applications
Lina Fu, Xuerong Zhou, Xiaoyu Zhang, Xuhua Li, Fan Zhang, Hongcang Gu, Xiaoxue Wang
Journal of Hematology & Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular pathology of lymphoma and its treatment strategies: from mechanistic elucidation to precision medicine
Zhongyu Wang, Shuai Feng, Xiangmei Yao, Renbin Zhao, Yujin Li, Maofeng Zheng, Zengzheng Li, Yajie Wang
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Combined PET and ctDNA response as a predictor of POD24 for follicular lymphoma after first-line induction treatment
Alexis Claudel, Anne-Ségolène Cottereau, Emmanuel Bachy, Emmanuel Itti, Pierre Feugier, Cedric Rossi, Francois Lemonnier, Vincent Camus, Nicolas Daguindau, Guillaume Cartron, Emmanuelle Nicolas-Virelizier, Diana-Laure Mboumba, Christophe Cardoso, Côme Bom
Blood.2025; 146(8): 913. CrossRef
Metabolic-immune axis in the tumor microenvironment: a new strategy for prognostic assessment and precision therapy in DLBCL and FL
Chengqian Chen, Wei Guo, Haotian Wang, Luming Cao, Ou Bai
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genetic analysis of cell-free DNA in follicular lymphoma in comparison with tissue-derived DNA
Yoshikazu Hori, Hiroki Hosoi, Mitsuo Osuga, Ryuta Iwamoto, Fumiyo Maekawa, Tadashi Okamura, Shogo Murata, Toshiki Mushino, Motomi Osato, Hitoshi Ohno, Nobuyuki Yamamoto, Shin-Ichi Murata, Yasuhiro Koh, Sonoki Takashi
Leukemia & Lymphoma.2025; : 1. CrossRef
Clinical applications of circulating tumor DNA in hematological malignancies: From past to the future
Jun-Ying Li, Li-Ping Zuo, Jian Xu, Chun-Yan Sun
Blood Reviews.2024; 68: 101237. CrossRef
Molecular Biomarkers in Prediction of High-Grade Transformation and Outcome in Patients with Follicular Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Systemic Review
Marie Hairing Enemark, Jonas Klejs Hemmingsen, Maja Lund Jensen, Robert Kridel, Maja Ludvigsen
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(20): 11179. CrossRef

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Pembrolizumab for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma in Korea: Ji Yun Lee, Ji Hyun Kwon, Joon Young Hur, Jun Ho Yi, Ji Hyun Lee, Hyungwoo Cho, Young Rok Do, Jae-Cheol Jo, Hye Jin Kang, Yougil Koh, Won Sik Lee, Sung Nam Lim, Sang Eun Yoon, Seok Jin Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):681-687. Published online November 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1042

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab has shown promising activity in relapsed/refractory (R/R) extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), but studies are limited, with small patient numbers.
Materials and Methods
Thirteen institutes involved with the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma, a Korean lymphoma study group, collected the clinical data of 59 patients treated with pembrolizumab as salvage therapy between 2016 and 2022.
Results
The median age of the patients was 60 years (range, 22 to 87 years), and 76.3% had advanced Ann Abor stage disease. Pembrolizumab was given to 35.6%, 40.7%, and 23.7% of the patients as second-, third-, and fourth- or higher-line chemotherapy, respectively. The overall response rate was 40.7%, with 28.8% having complete response. The estimated 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival rates for all patients were 21.5% and 28.7%, respectively; for responders, the rates were 53.0% and 60.7%, respectively. Although not statistically significant, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.93 to 3.94; p=0.078) and stage III or IV disease (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 0.96 to 6.96; p=0.060) were associated with a trend toward shorter PFS in multivariate analysis. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) were noted in 12 patients (20.3%); neutropenia (10.2%), fatigue (6.8%), and pneumonitis (5.1%) were most common AEs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while pembrolizumab had a modest effect on patients with R/R NKTCL, it may be a useful salvage therapy for patients with localized disease and good performance status.

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An evaluation of sugemalimab for the treatment of relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma
Yingfang Feng, Xia Liu, Jingwei Yu, Zheng Song, Lanfang Li, Lihua Qiu, Shiyong Zhou, Zhengzi Qian, Xianhuo Wang, Huilai Zhang
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Early growth response 1 as a key regulator of PD-L1 expression and immune evasion in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Ji Yun Lee, Kui-Jin Kim, Woochan Park, Jeongmin Seo, Minsu Kang, Eun Hee Jung, Sang-A Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Ji-Won Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Won Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Soo-Mee Bang, Tae Min Kim, Jin Ho Paik
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Gastrointestinal cancer

Risk Stratification of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients Undergoing Curative-Intent Surgery after Neoadjuvant Therapy: Hyun Kyung Yang, Mi-Suk Park, Kyunghwa Han, Geonsik Eom, Yong Eun Chung, Jin-Young Choi, Seungmin Bang, Chang Moo Kang, Jinsil Seong, Myeong-Jin Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(1):247-258. Published online August 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.586

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Clinical prognostic criteria using preoperative factors were not developed for post–neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) surgery of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We aimed to identify preoperative factors associated with overall survival (OS) in PDAC patients who underwent post-NAT curative-intent surgery and develop risk stratification criteria.
Materials and Methods
Consecutive PDAC patients who underwent post-NAT curative-intent surgeries between 2007 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, laboratory, surgical, and histopathologic variables were collected. Baseline, preoperative, and interval changes of computed tomography (CT) findings proposed by the Society of Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association were analyzed. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to select preoperative variables associated with OS. We developed risk stratification criteria composed of the significant preoperative variables, i.e., post-NAT response criteria. We compared the discrimination performance of post-NAT response criteria with that of post-NAT pathological (yp) American Joint Cancer Committee TNM staging system.
Results
One hundred forty-five PDAC patients were included. Stable or increased tumor size on CT (hazard ratio [HR], 2.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58 to 4.21; p < 0.001) and elevated preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) level (HR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.55; p=0.021) were independent factors of OS. The OS of the patient groups stratified by post-NAT response criteria which combined changes in tumor size and CA19-9 showed significant difference (p < 0.001). Such stratification was comparable to ypTNM staging in discrimination performance (difference of C-index, 0.068; 95% CI, –0.012 to 0.142).
Conclusion
“Any degree of decrease in tumor size on CT” and CA19-9 normalization or staying normal were independent favorable factors of OS. The combination of the two factors discriminated OS comparably to ypTNM staging.

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Prognostic factors in localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant therapy and resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ammar A Javed, Alyssar Habib, Omar Mahmud, Asad Saulat Fatimi, Mahip Grewal, Nabiha Mughal, Jin He, Christopher L Wolfgang, Lois Daamen, Marc G Besselink
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.2025; 117(5): 840. CrossRef

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Head and Neck cancer

Outcomes of Salvage Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer Recurrence Following Upfront Radiation Therapy and Prognostic Factors: Nayeon Choi, Hack Jung Kim, Heejun Yi, Heejung Kim, Tae Hwan Kim, Han-Sin Jeong, Young-Ik Son, Chung-Hwan Baek, Dongryul Oh, Yong Chan Ahn, Man Ki Chung; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1123-1133. Published online May 8, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1046

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the oncologic outcomes and prognostic factors of salvage treatments in patients with recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) after radiotherapy (RT)-based treatment.
Materials and Methods
A cancer registry was used to retrieve the records of 337 patients treated with definitive RT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) from 2008 to 2018 at a single institution. The poor-responder group (PRG) was defined as patients with residual or recurrent disease after primary treatment, and the oncologic outcomes for each salvage treatment method were analyzed. In addition, prognostic indicators of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified in patients who underwent salvage treatment.
Results
After initial (C)RT, the PRG comprised 71 of the 337 patients (21.1%): 18 patients had residual disease, and 53 had recurrence after primary treatment (mean time to recurrence 19.5 months). Of these, 63 patients received salvage treatment (surgery 57.2%, re-(C)RT 23.8%, and chemotherapy 19.0%), and the salvage success rate was 47.6% at the last follow-up. The overall 2-year OS for salvage treatments was 56.4% (60.8% for the salvage surgery group and 46.2% for the salvage re-(C)RT). Salvage surgery patients with negative resection margins had better oncologic outcomes than those with close/positive resection margins. Using multivariate analyses, locoregional recurrence and residual disease after primary surgery were associated with poor outcome after salvage treatment. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, p16 status was significantly associated with OS in the initial treatment setting but not in the salvage setting.
Conclusion
In recurrent OPSCC after RT-based treatment, successful salvage was achieved in 56.4% patients who had undergone salvage surgery and radiation treatment. Salvage treatment methods should be selected carefully, given recurrence site as a prognostic factor for RFS.

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Impact of Prior Neck Treatment Status on Salvage Treatment Outcomes in Isolated Regional Recurrence of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Younghac Kim, Heechun Cho, Nayeon Choi, Man Ki Chung, Han‐Sin Jeong, Young‐Ik Son
Head & Neck.2025; 47(10): 2742. CrossRef
Defining failure patterns and dynamics in locally advanced pharyngeal and laryngeal SCC following radiotherapy: Real-World Insights in the modern Era!
Linda Agolli, Luise Reinhard, Christine Langer, Christoph Arens, Gabriele A. Krombach, Sebastian Harth, Andreas Lurtz, Ann-Katrin Exeli, Stefan Gattenlöhner, Daniel Habermehl
Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology.2025; 55: 101026. CrossRef
Toxicities and prognostic factors in elderly HPV‐associated oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy
Erkan Topkan, Efsun Somay, Ugur Selek
Journal of Medical Virology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Specific Mutations in APC, with Prognostic Implications in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Huan Peng, Jun Ying, Jia Zang, Hao Lu, Xiaokai Zhao, Pengmin Yang, Xintao Wang, Jieyi Li, Ziying Gong, Daoyun Zhang, Zhiguo Wang; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1270-1280. Published online April 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.415

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Loss-of-function mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene are common in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the characteristic of APC specific mutations in mCRC is poorly understood. Here, we explored the clinical and molecular characteristics of N-terminal and C-terminal side APC mutations in Chinese patients with mCRC.
Materials and Methods
Hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing was performed on tumor tissues from 275 mCRC pati-ents to detect mutations in 639 tumor-associated genes. The prognostic value and gene-pathway difference between APC specific mutations in mCRC patients were analyzed.
Results
APC mutations were highly clustered, accounting for 73% of all mCRC patients, and most of them were truncating mutations. The tumor mutation burden of the N-terminal side APC mutations group (n=76) was significantly lower than that of the C-terminal side group (n=123) (p < 0.001), further confirmed by the public database. Survival analysis showed that mCRC patients with N-terminus side APC mutations had longer overall survival than C-terminus side. Tumor gene pathway analysis showed that gene mutations in the RTK/RAS, Wnt and transforming growth factor β signaling pathways of the C-terminal group were significantly higher than those of the N-terminal group (p < 0.05). Additionally, KRAS, AMER1, TGFBR2, and ARID1A driver mutations were more common in patients with C-terminal side APC mutations.
Conclusion
APC specific mutations have potential function as mCRC prognostic biomarkers. There are obvious differences in the gene mutation patterns between the C-terminus and N-terminus APC mutations group, which may have certain guiding significance for the subsequent precise treatment of mCRC.

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In Silico Validation of OncoOrigin: An Integrative AI Tool for Primary Cancer Site Prediction with Graphical User Interface to Facilitate Clinical Application
Petar Brlek, Luka Bulić, Nidhi Shah, Parth Shah, Dragan Primorac
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Muhammad Tufail, Can-Hua Jiang, Ning Li
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Eda Arabacı, Nil Sazlı, Deniz Karataş
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Kit Moloney-Geany, Michael A. Black, Robert C. Day, Parry Guilford, Michael J. Dunnet
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Qingqing Qiu
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Tuya Wang, Jing Fu, Ye Huang, Chun Fu
Oncology Letters.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Clinical Significance of Combining Preoperative and Postoperative Albumin-Bilirubin Score in Colorectal Cancer: Doyoun Kim, Jae-Hoon Lee, Eun-Suk Cho, Su-Jin Shin, Hye Sun Lee, Hwa-Hee Koh, Kang Young Lee, Jeonghyun Kang; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1261-1269. Published online April 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1444

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) score is a well-known prognostic factor for various diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, little is known about the significance of postoperative ALBI score changes in patients with CRC.
Materials and Methods
A total of 723 patients who underwent surgery were enrolled. Preoperative ALBI (ALBI-pre) and postoperative ALBI (ALBI-post) scores were divided into low and high score groups. ALBI-trend was defined as a combination of four groups comprising the low and high ALBI-pre and ALBI-post score groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare the overall survival (OS) between the different ALBI groups. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the independent relevant factors of OS. Stratification performance was compared between the different ALBI groupings using Harrell’s concordance index (C-index).
Results
ALBI-pre, ALBI-post, and ALBI-trend score groups were significant prognostic factors of OS in the univariable analysis. However, multivariable analysis showed that ALBI-trend was an independent prognostic factor while ALBI-pre and ALBI-post were not. The C-index of ALBI-trend (0.622; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.587 to 0.655) was higher than that of ALBI-pre (0.589; 95% CI, 0.557 to 0.621; bootstrap mean difference, 0.033; 95% CI, 0.013 to 0.057) and ALBI-post (0.575; 95% CI, 0.545 to 0.605; bootstrap mean difference, 0.047; 95% CI, 0.024 to 0.074).
Conclusion
Combining ALBI-pre and ALBI-post scores is an independent prognostic factor of OS and shows superior predictive power compared to ALBI-pre or ALBI-post alone in patients with CRC.

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Shuyuan Gu, Shihui Chen, Yuan Chai, Chao Qu, Xuejun Sun, Junhui Yu
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Jong Won Shin, Jae Woong Sull, Nguyen Thien Minh, Sun Ha Jee
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Hemoglobin-Albumin-Lymphocyte-Platelet Score as an Integrative Biomarker for Prognosis and Sarcopenia in Colorectal Cancer
Hailun Xie, Lishuang Wei, Shuangyi Tang, Jialiang Gan
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Assessment of the albumin-bilirubin score in breast cancer patients with liver metastasis after surgery
Li Chen, Chunlei Tan, Qingwen Li, Zhibo Ma, Meng Wu, Xiaosheng Tan, Tiangen Wu, Jinwen Liu, Jing Wang
Heliyon.2023; 9(11): e21772. CrossRef

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