Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Breast cancer

Changes in Invasive Breast Carcinomas after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Can Influence Adjuvant Therapeutic Decisions: Bárbara Jaime dos Santos, Débora Balabram, Virginia Mara Reis Gomes, Carolina Costa Café de Castro, Paulo Henrique Costa Diniz, Marcelo Araújo Buzelin, Cristiana Buzelin Nunes; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(1):178-190. Published online August 1, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.386

Purpose
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) can change invasive breast carcinomas (IBC) and influence the patients’ overall survival time (OS). We aimed to identify IBC changes after NACT and their association with OS.
Materials and Methods
IBC data in pre- and post-NACT samples of 86 patients were evaluated and associated with OS.
Results
Post-NACT tumors changed nuclear pleomorphism score (p=0.025); mitotic count (p=0.002); % of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells (p=0.016); presence of in situ carcinoma (p=0.001) and lymphovascular invasion (LVI; p=0.002); expression of estrogen (p=0.003), progesterone receptors (PR; p=0.019), and Ki67 (p=0.003). Immunohistochemical (IHC) profile changed in 26 tumors (30.2%, p=0.050). Higher risk of death was significatively associated with initial tumor histological grade III (hazard ratio [HR], 2.94), high nuclear pleomorphism (HR, 2.53), high Ki67 index (HR, 2.47), post-NACT presence of LVI (HR, 1.90), luminal B–like profile (HR, 2.58), pre- (HR, 2.26) and post-NACT intermediate mitotic count (HR, 2.12), pre- (HR, 4.45) and post-NACT triple-negative IHC profile (HR, 4.52). On the other hand, lower risk of death was significative associated with pre- (HR, 0.35) and post-NACT (HR, 0.39) estrogen receptor–positive, and pre- (HR, 0.37) and post-NACT (HR, 0.57) PR-positive. Changes in IHC profile were associated with longer OS (p=0.050). In multivariate analysis, pre-NACT grade III tumors and pre-NACT and post-NACT triple negative IHC profile proved to be independent factors for shorter OS.
Conclusion
NACT can change tumor characteristics and biomarkers and impact on OS; therefore, they should be reassessed on residual samples to improve therapeutic decisions.

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Prognostic Impact of Real-World Immunohistochemical Changes in Breast Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Marcelo Antonini, André Mattar, Marcelo Madeira, Letícia Xavier Félix, Julio Antonio Pereira de Araújo, Francisco Pimentel Cavalcante, Felipe Zerwes, Fabricio Palermo Brenelli, Antonio Luis Frasson, Eduardo Camargo Millen, Marina Diógenes Teixeira, Lariss
Clinical Breast Cancer.2026; 26(1): 276. CrossRef
Immunohistochemical Changes After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy and Their Impact on Breast Cancer Survival: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Marcelo Antonini, André Mattar, Gil Facina, Francisco Pimentel Cavalcante, Felipe Zerwes, Fabricio Palermo Brenelli, Antônio Luis Frasson, Eduardo Camargo Millen, Rodrigo Caires Campos, Letícia Xavier Félix, Juliana Calado Vieira, Marina Diógenes Teixeira
Clinical Breast Cancer.2026; 26(3): 208. CrossRef
Prognostic value of prognostic nutritional index in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Meihui Shan, Ziqian Zhao, Munawar Anwar, Jiawei Chen, Yuquan Dai, Yeliya Yeerboli, Zuqiang Xu, Zizhang Wang, Le Yang, Chao Dong
Frontiers in Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Discordance in Immunohistochemistry Results in Breast Pathologies: Effect of Chemotherapy, Specimen Characteristics, or Pathology Center?
Mustafa Ersoy
Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying gene expression signatures of oncolytic virus response in patient-derived pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoids
Marco Huberts, Elham Aida Farshadi, Farzana Mohammad, Jie Ju, Andrew Stubbs, Ron A.M. Fouchier, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen
Molecular Therapy Oncology.2025; 33(4): 201064. CrossRef
Post-Surgical Reassessment of Breast Cancer IHC: Concordance, Δ-Metrics, and Treatment-Relevant Reclassification
Ramona Andreea Cioroianu, Michael Schenker, Tradian Ciprian Berisha, Virginia-Maria Rădulescu, George Ovidiu Cioroianu, Raluca Chirculescu, Ana Maria Petrescu, Mihaela Popescu, Anda Lorena Dijmărescu, Stelian Ștefăniță Mogoantă
Diagnostics.2025; 15(24): 3128. CrossRef

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Anti–PD-L1 Antibody and/or 17β-Estradiol Treatment Induces Changes in the Gut Microbiome in MC38 Colon Tumor Model: Chin-Hee Song, Nayoung Kim, Ryoung Hee Nam, Soo In Choi, Jae Young Jang, Jina Choi, Ha-Na Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):894-909. Published online January 9, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1427

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
17β-Estradiol (E2) supplementation suppresses MC38 tumor growth by downregulating the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). This study aims to figure out the gut microbiota that respond to anti–PD-L1 and/or estrogen treatment in MC38 colon cancer model.
Materials and Methods
A syngeneic colon tumor model was developed by injection of MC38 cells into C57BL/6 background male and female mice. Three days before MC38 cells injection, E2 was supplemented to male mice daily for 1 week. Male and female mice with MC38 tumors (50-100 mm3) were injected with anti–PD-L1 antibody. Fresh feces were collected 26 days after injection of MC38 cells and 16S rRNA metagenomics sequencing of DNA extracted from feces was used to assess gut microbial composition.
Results
At the taxonomic family level, Muribaculaceae was enriched only in the MC38 male control group. In male mice, linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis at the species level revealed that the four microorganisms were commonly regulated in single and combination treatment with anti–PD-L1 and/or E2; a decrease in PAC001068_g_uc and PAC001070_s (family Muribaculaceae) and increase in PAC001716_s and PAC001785_s (family Ruminococcaceae). Interestingly, in the anti–PD-L1 plus E2 group, a decrease in opportunistic pathogens (Enterobacteriaceae group) and an increase in commensal bacteria (Lactobacillus murinus group and Parabacteroides goldsteinii) were observed. Furthermore, the abundance of Parabacteroides goldsteinii was increased in both males and females in the anti–PD-L1 group.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that gut microbial changes induced by the pretreatment of estrogen before anti–PD-L1 might contribute to treatment of MC38 colon cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Gut microbiome–driven colorectal cancer via immune, metabolic, neural, and endocrine axes reprogramming
Jhommara Bautista, Mónica Lamas-Maceiras, Camila Hidalgo-Tinoco, Antonio Guerra-Guerrero, Anapaula Betancourt-Velarde, Andrés López-Cortés
npj Biofilms and Microbiomes.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Gastrointestinal cancers in women: The role of sex hormones
Amit Yadav, Usha Dutta
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 45(2): 211. CrossRef
Wuda granules target estrogen receptors and modulate gut microbiota to alleviate postoperative ileus: A multi-omics perspective
Tao Wang, Yi-Hua Xu, Yang-Hui Ou, Wen-Jun Xiong, Li-Jie Luo, Jin Li, Yao-Hui Peng, Yan Chen, Hai-Ping Zeng, Yang Yu, Hai-Peng Tang, Fei Wang, Hong-Liang Yao, Wei Wang
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of letrozole supplementation on growth performance, plasma hormones, and plasma metabolites in weaned female lambs of Turpan black sheep
Tingting Li, Hui Chen, Jiaqi Liu, Hao Lu, Tingting Lu, Reyilaguli Reyimu, Xihu Wang, Jianjun Zhang, Shijie Li, Xiaojun Liu, Rui Xiao, Guodong Zhao, Kailun Yang
Frontiers in Veterinary Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides ameliorate cognitive impairments in alcohol-exposed obese mice in a sex-specific manner by regulating the gut microbiome and metabolome
Jiayao Lv, Yizhe Qu, Qixin Yan, Ken Cheng, Qingyang Wu, Jiayi Zhang, Xinting Duan, Shanshan Han, Honglei Tian, Lin Shi
Food Research International.2026; 242: 119827. CrossRef
Association between serum short-chain fatty acid levels and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in Chinese patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a retrospective cohort study
Xiu-Nan Zhao, Shu-Xin Liu, Shuang Zhang, Zhen-Zhen Wang, Zi Lin, Xue-Lian Jian, Cui Dong, Yi-Nan Zhang
Clinical Kidney Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Parabacteroides as a promising target for disease intervention: current stage and pending issues
Jing Liu, Hui Qiu, Jiamin Zhao, Nan Shao, Chao Chen, Zhixu He, Xu Zhao, Juanjuan Zhao, Ya Zhou, Lin Xu
npj Biofilms and Microbiomes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Therapeutic potential of the gut commensal bacterium Parabacteroides goldsteinii in human health and disease treatment
Ziyun Li, Li Zhang, Zhenxia Wan, Huijuan Liu, Ting Zhang, Yan Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Mechanism of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway in gut dysbiosis–mediated postoperative cognitive dysfunction in aged mice
Fu Xu, Yang Yue, Defeng Sun
International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Unveiling the interplay between microbiota and PD1/PD-L1 axis in tumor immunity and immunotherapy
Qiguang Lu, Jiasheng Wu, Xiaoyan Yu, Juanjuan Qian, Zhengwei Song
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Distribution and roles of Ligilactobacillus murinus in hosts
Zhou Chuandong, Jicong Hu, Jiawen Li, Yuting Wu, Chan Wu, Guanxi Lai, Han Shen, Fenglin Wu, Changli Tao, Song Liu, Wenfeng Zhang, Hongwei Shao
Microbiological Research.2024; 282: 127648. CrossRef
Sex differences in colorectal cancer: with a focus on sex hormone–gut microbiome axis
Zihong Wu, Yuqing Huang, Renyi Zhang, Chuan Zheng, Fengming You, Min Wang, Chong Xiao, Xueke Li
Cell Communication and Signaling.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
17β-estradiol in colorectal cancer: friend or foe?
Zihong Wu, Chong Xiao, Jiamei Wang, Min Zhou, Fengming You, Xueke Li
Cell Communication and Signaling.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sexual dimorphism of gut microbiota in colorectal cancer
Zihong Wu, Ziming Wang, Jiamei Wang, Chong Xiao, Fengming You, Xueke Li
Chinese Science Bulletin.2024; 69(35): 5142. CrossRef
Direct and indirect effects of estrogens, androgens and intestinal microbiota on colorectal cancer
Zihong Wu, Yi Sun, Wenbo Huang, Zhenzhen Jin, Fengming You, Xueke Li, Chong Xiao
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting metabolic pathways: a novel therapeutic direction for type 2 diabetes
Zhihui Song, An Yan, Zehui Guo, Yuhang Zhang, Tao Wen, Zhenzhen Li, Zhihua Yang, Rui Chen, Yi Wang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Breast cancer

The Association of Estrogen Receptor Activity, Interferon Signaling, and MHC Class I Expression in Breast Cancer: In Hye Song, Young-Ae Kim, Sun-Hee Heo, Won Seon Bang, Hye Seon Park, Yeon ho Choi, Heejae Lee, Jeong-Han Seo, Youngjin Cho, Sung Wook Jung, Hee Jeong Kim, Sei Hyun Ahn, Hee Jin Lee, Gyungyub Gong; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1111-1120. Published online December 21, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1017

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) has previously been reported to be negatively associated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Furthermore, MHC I expression, level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and expression of interferon (IFN) mediator MxA are positively associated with one another in human breast cancers. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of association of MHC I with ER and IFN signaling.
Materials and Methods
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-ABC protein expression was analyzed in breast cancer cell lines. The expressions of HLA-A and MxA mRNAs were analyzed in MCF-7 cells in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data. ER and HLA-ABC expressions, Ki-67 labeling index and TIL levels in tumor tissue were also analyzed in ER+/ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)- breast cancer patients who randomly received either neoadjuvant chemotherapy or estrogen modulator treatment followed by resection.
Results
HLA-ABC protein expression was decreased after β-estradiol treatment or hESR-GFP transfection and increased after fulvestrant or IFN-γ treatment in cell lines. In GEO data, HLA-A and MxA expression was increased after ESR1 shRNA transfection. In patients, ER Allred score was significantly lower and the HLA-ABC expression, TIL levels, and Ki-67 were significantly higher in the estrogen modulator treated group than the chemotherapy treated group.
Conclusion
MHC I expression and TIL levels might be affected by ER pathway modulation and IFN treatment. Further studies elucidating the mechanism of MHC I regulation could suggest a way to boost TIL influx in cancer in a clinical setting.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Immunoregulatory Roles of ERα in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Crosstalk, and Therapeutic Insights
Afsoon Dehghani
Journal of Cancer Prevention.2026; 31(1): 1. CrossRef
TP53 Loss Elevates NF‐κB‐IFN‐β‐MHC‐Ia Signaling to Promote NK Cell Resistance in Osteosarcoma
Guihui Qin, Cheung Kwan Yeung, Ye Yi, Dejin Zheng, Miaoman Ye, Chi‐Chong Chio, Jinjie Wu, Siyi Fu, Chu‐Xia Deng, Ren‐He Xu
Advanced Science.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Breast cancer immunogenicity as a spectrum: evolving concepts and therapeutic implications
Jasmine Kay, Julia R. Dixon-Douglas, Michael A. Harris, Courtney T. van Geelen, Sherene Loi
Journal of Clinical Investigation.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Identifying Safeguards Disabled by Epstein-Barr Virus Infections in Genomes From Patients With Breast Cancer: Chromosomal Bioinformatics Analysis
Bernard Friedenson
JMIRx Med.2025; 6: e50712. CrossRef
Progesterone receptor-dependent downregulation of MHC class I promotes tumor immune evasion and growth in breast cancer
Julio C Tinoco, Harmony I Saunders, Lauryn Rose Werner, Xiaopeng Sun, Eilidh I Chowanec, Amanda Heard, Prabhakar Chalise, Jeffery M Vahrenkamp, Andrea E Wilson, Cong-Xiao Liu, Gangjun Lei, Junping Wei, Hugo Cros, Hisham Mohammed, Melissa Troester, Charles
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2025; 13(3): e010179. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Efficacy in Breast Cancer: Insights from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compilation (MAGIC)
Honghong Wu, Zebo Huang, Jie Wang
Academic Radiology.2025; 32(8): 4369. CrossRef
Prenatal Bisphenol B Exposure Induces Adult Male Offspring Reproductive Dysfunction via ERα Inhibition-Triggered MHC I-Mediated Testicular Immunological Responses
Nannan Chen, Xiaotian Li, Shenrui Zhou, Xin Peng, Senlin Xue, Yuetong Liu, Tingwang Jiang, Wei Yan
Toxics.2025; 13(6): 423. CrossRef
The untapped potential of radiation and immunotherapy for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
Matthew Fenton, Miki Yoneyama, Erik Wennerberg, Tom Lund, Andrew Tutt, Alan Melcher, Sandra Demaria, Navita Somaiah
npj Breast Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dendrimer-Mediated Delivery Enhances Therapeutic Efficacy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Anunay James Pulukuri, Anubhav Dhull, Aqib Iqbal Dar, Anu Rani, Rishi Sharma, Clifford E. Berkman, Anjali Sharma
Biomacromolecules.2025; 26(9): 5979. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer: From Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming to Combination Therapy Strategies
Zimei Tang, Tao Huang, Tinglin Yang
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(23): 11596. CrossRef
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis and Steven–Johnson Syndrome During the Postpartum Period: A Literature Review with a Rare Case Presentation
Natalia Katarzyna Mazur-Ejankowska, Maciej Ejankowski, Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska, Jakub Żółkiewicz, Ewa Gostkowska, Wioletta Barańska-Rybak, Dariusz Grzegorz Wydra
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(1): 17. CrossRef
Estrogen receptor regulation of the immune microenvironment in breast cancer
Conor McGuinness, Kara L. Britt
The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.2024; 240: 106517. CrossRef
Bioinformatic-Experimental Screening Uncovers Multiple Targets for Increase of MHC-I Expression through Activating the Interferon Response in Breast Cancer
Xin Li, Zilun Ruan, Shuzhen Yang, Qing Yang, Jinpeng Li, Mingming Hu
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(19): 10546. CrossRef
Hormone Receptor Signaling and Breast Cancer Resistance to Anti-Tumor Immunity
Alexandra Moisand, Mathilde Madéry, Thomas Boyer, Charlotte Domblides, Céline Blaye, Nicolas Larmonier
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(20): 15048. CrossRef

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Effect of Estrogen Receptor Expression Level and Hormonal Therapy on Prognosis of Early Breast Cancer: Kyung-Hwak Yoon, Yeshong Park, Eunyoung Kang, Eun-Kyu Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Sun Mi Kim, Mijung Jang, Bo La Yun, So Yeon Park, Hee-Chul Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1081-1090. Published online November 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.890

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast cancer plays an essential role in carcinogenesis and disease progression. Recently, tumors with low level (1%-10%) of ER expression have been separately defined as ER low positive (ER^low). It is suggested that ER^low tumors might be morphologically and behaviorally different from tumors with high ER expression (ERhigh).
Materials and Methods
Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort database was performed. Patients who underwent curative surgery for early breast cancer and had available medical records were included for analysis. Difference in clinicopathological characteristics, endocrine responsiveness and five-year recurrence-free survival was evaluated between different ER subgroups (ERhigh, ER^low, and ER-negative [ER–]).
Results
A total of 2,162 breast cancer patients were included in the analysis, Tis and T1 stage. Among them, 1,654 (76.5%) were ERhigh, 54 (2.5%) were ER^low, and 454 (21.0%) were ER^- patients. ER^low cases were associated with smaller size, higher histologic grade, positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, negative progesterone receptor, and higher Ki-67 expression. Recurrence rate was highest in ER– tumors and was inversely proportional to ER expression. Recurrence-free survival was not affected by hormonal therapy in the ER^low group (p=0.418).
Conclusion
ER^low breast cancer showed distinct clinicopathological features. ER^low tumors seemed to have higher recurrence rates compared to ERhigh tumors, and they showed no significant benefit from hormonal therapy. Future large scale prospective studies are necessary to validate the treatment options for ER^low breast cancer.

Citations

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Tejal Deepak Durgekar, Susmita Ghosh, Badada Ananthamurthy Savitha, Payal Shrivastava, Naveen Krishnamoorthy, Manvi Sunder, Deepti KS, Manjiri Bakre
Clinical Breast Cancer.2026; 26(2): 216. CrossRef
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Endocrine cancer

Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea: Hwa Young Ahn, Ra-Yeong Song, Hye Shin Ahn, Hee Sung Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):1204-1212. Published online February 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.1201

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the rate of expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β1 (ERβ1), progesterone receptor (PR), and rate of overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a relatively large cohort of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We also aimed to examine whether each receptor influenced clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of PTC.
Materials and Methods
We made a microarray of paraffin-embedded PTC surgical tissues from 436 patients. We compared the results of the immunohistochemical staining for each hormone receptor with clinicopathological characteristics.
Results
The positive expression rate of hormonal receptors was 40.4% for ERα, 83.7% for ERβ1, and 71.3% for PR in patients with PTC. Overexpression of EGFR was shown in 19.3% of patients with PTC. The age was lower (44.6±12.1 years vs. 47.1±12.5 years, p=0.040) and tumor smaller (0.96±0.69 cm vs. 1.13±0.82 cm, p=0.020) in the ERα positive group, which also showed higher PR positivity (80.7% vs. 65.0%, p < 0.001) and overexpression of EGFR (27.3% vs. 13.8%, p < 0.001). However, neither the positivity of hormone receptors nor overexpression of EGFR affected the recurrence of PTC.
Conclusion
In conclusion, most (94.6%) patients with PTC were found to exhibit positive expression for ERs or PR. We also found that neither the positive expression of hormone receptors nor overexpression of EGFR were associated with the recurrence of PTC.

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Jiewen Xie, Jie Wang, Xuejiao Cui
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Multi-disease transcriptomic analysis of sex hormone genes reveals a novel prognostic model for thyroid cancer with breast cancer correlations
Lixue Qiao, Hao Li, Keyu Yin, Runsheng Ma, Yifei Zhang, Yue Guo, Detao Yin
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Struma Ovarii during Pregnancy
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Omitting Adjuvant Radiotherapy for Hormone Receptor‒Positive Early-Stage Breast Cancer in Old Age: A Propensity Score Matched SEER Analysis: Yi-Jun Kim, Kyung Hwan Shin, Kyubo Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):326-336. Published online May 10, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.163

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the non-inferiority of omitting radiotherapy (RT) after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for hormone receptor (HR)‒positive T1N0 breast cancer in elderly women.
Materials and Methods
From 2004 to 2014, HR-positive T1N0 breast cancer patients aged 50 years or older and receiving BCS were retrieved from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 database. After propensity score matching between the no-RT and RT groups, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Identified prognostic factors were used to stratify the risk groups. In each risk group, 10-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were compared between the no-RT and RT groups.
Results
After propensity score matching, the numbers of patients in the no-RT and RT groups were both 18,586. For patients who satisfied both a tumor size of 1-10 mm and a tumor grade of 1-2, omitting RT did not decrease the CSS rate at any age group, ranging from ≥ 50 to ≥ 85 years; for patients aged ≥ 50 years, the 10-year CSS rates in the no-RT and RT groups were 97.2% and 96.8%, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.862; p=0.312). However, for patients with a tumor size of 11-20 mm or tumor grade of 3-4, RT significantly increased the CSS rate irrespective of age.
Conclusion
RT after BCS for HR-positive T1N0 breast cancer in elderly women might be omitted without causing a decrease in the CSS rate, but only in patients who satisfy both a small tumor size (≤ 10 mm) and low tumor grade (1-2).

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Meta-Analysis of Different Surgical Methods for Breast Cancer Patients
Xiaoshu Zhao, Xunan Wei, Qing Shen, Xuanhong Zhou
International Journal of Pharmacology.2024; 20(5): 892. CrossRef
Radiotherapy is recommended for hormone receptor-negative older breast cancer patients after breast conserving surgery
Yaxiong Liu, Jinsong Li, Honghui Li, Gongyin Zhang, Changwang Li, Changlong Wei, Jinsheng Zeng
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of breast‐conserving surgery without radiotherapy and mastectomy in the treatment of elderly patients with early breast cancer: A PSM and SEER database study
Baiyang Fu, Xi Chen, Wenlong Liang, Yao Wang, Yuan Yao, Jianguo Zhang
Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(14): 15229. CrossRef
Ways to improve breast cancer patients' management and clinical outcome: The 2020 Assisi Think Tank Meeting
Cynthia Aristei, Yasemin Bölükbaşı, Orit Kaidar-Person, Raphael Pfeffer, Meritxell Arenas, Liesbeth J. Boersma, Antonella Ciabattoni, Charlotte E. Coles, Pierfrancesco Franco, Marco Krengli, Maria Cristina Leonardi, Fabio Marazzi, Valeria Masiello, Icro M
Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2022; 177: 103774. CrossRef
Research on the cutoff tumor size of omitting radiotherapy for BCSS after breast conserving surgery in women aged 65 years or oder with low-risk invasive breast carcinoma: Results based on the SEER database
Zejian Yang, Kunlong Li, Pei Qiu, Yifei Ma, Bin Wang, Yu Yan, Du Meng, Chen Feng, Yu Ren, Yijun Li, Pingping Li, Can Zhou
The Breast.2021; 60: 287. CrossRef
Effectiveness of radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery in older patients with T1-2N0 breast cancer
Anna Z. de Boer, Esther Bastiaannet, Nienke A. de Glas, Perla J. Marang-van de Mheen, Olaf M. Dekkers, Sabine Siesling, Linda de Munck, Kelly M. de Ligt, Johanneke E. A. Portielje, Gerrit Jan Liefers
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2019; 178(3): 637. CrossRef

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Laminin Modulates the Stem Cell Population in LM05-E Murine Breast Cancer Cells through the Activation of the MAPK/ERK Pathway: Damián E. Berardi, Diego Raffo, Laura B. Todaro, Marina Simian; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):869-879. Published online December 6, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.378

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
We investigated the effects of laminin on the fraction of cells with self-renewing capacity in the estrogen-dependent, tamoxifen-sensitive LM05-E breast cancer cell line. We also determined whether laminin affected the response to tamoxifen.
Materials and Methods
The LM05-E breast cancer cell line was used as a model for all experiments. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, clonogenic and mammosphere assays were performed to measure the effects of laminin on modulation of the stem cell subpopulation. Pluripotent gene expression was analyzed by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. The involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK pathway was determined using specific inhibitors. The effects of laminin on the response to tamoxifenwere determined and the involvement of α6 integrin was investigated.
Results
We found that pretreatment with laminin leads to a decrease in cells with the ability to form mammospheres that was accompanied by a decrease in ALDH activity. Moreover, exposure of mammospheres to laminin reduced the capacity to form secondary mammospheres and decreased the expression of Sox-2, Nanog, and Oct-4. We previously reported that 4-OH-tamoxifen leads to an increase in the expression of these genes in LM05-E cells. Treatment with signaling pathway inhibitors revealed that the MAPK/ERK pathway mediates the effects of laminin. Finally, laminin induced tamoxifen resistance in LM05-E cells through α6 integrin.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that the final number of cells with self-renewing capacity in estrogen-dependent breast tumors may result from the combined effects of endocrine treatment and microenvironmental cues.

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Meme Kanseri Gelişiminde ve Tedavisinde İntegrinlerin Rolü
Ceren Börçek Kasurka, Yıldız Can Bal, Ceren Dereli, Zülal Atlı Şekeroğlu
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Nicole Mavingire, Petreena Campbell, Jonathan Wooten, Joyce Aja, Melissa B. Davis, Andrea Loaiza-Perez, Eileen Brantley
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Upregulation of LAMB1 via ERK/c-Jun Axis Promotes Gastric Cancer Growth and Motility
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Jing Chen, Runlan Wan, Qinqin Li, Zhenghuan Rao, Yanlin Wang, Lei Zhang, Alexander Tobias Teichmann
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Fengkai Xu, Zhonghe Liu, Ronghua Liu, Chunlai Lu, Lin Wang, Wei Mao, Qiaoliang Zhu, Huankai Shou, Kunpeng Zhang, Yin Li, Yiwei Chu, Jie Gu, Di Ge
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Prognostic Role of Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, and Leptin Levels According to Breast Cancer Subtype: Young Ae Cho, Mi-Kyung Sung, Jee-Young Yeon, Jungsil Ro, Jeongseon Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(3):210-219. Published online September 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.3.210

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Inflammation within the tumor microenvironment has been reported to show an association with poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, the associations may differ according to breast cancer subtype. In this study, we investigated the association between inflammation-related markers and breast cancer recurrence according to patients' tumor subtypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This prospective study included 240 patients who underwent surgery for management of newly diagnosed breast cancer. Levels of inflammation-related markers (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], leptin, and adiponectin) were measured at diagnosis, and the associations between these markers and breast cancer recurrence during a six-year follow-up period were examined using the Kaplan-Meier statistical method.
RESULTS
Overall, inflammation-related markers showed no association with breast cancer recurrence. However, when data were stratified by tumor subtype, higher levels of some mediators showed an association with poor prognosis among patients with particular subtypes. Compared to patients without recurrence, patients with recurrence had higher levels of circulating IL-6 (p=0.024) and IL-8 (p=0.016) only among those with HER2- tumors and had higher levels of leptin (p=0.034) only among those with estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+ tumors. Results of survival analyses revealed an association of high levels of IL-6 (p=0.016) and IL-8 (p=0.022) with poor recurrence-free survival in patients with HER2- tumors. In addition, higher leptin levels indicated shorter recurrence-free survival time only among patients with ER+/PR+ tumors (p=0.022).
CONCLUSION
We found that certain cytokines could have a differential prognostic impact on breast cancer recurrence according to breast cancer subtype. Conduct of additional large studies will be required in order to elucidate the precise roles of these cytokines in breast cancer progression.

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Implications of Bone-Only Metastases in Breast Cancer: Favorable Preference with Excellent Outcomes of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer: Su Jin Lee, Silvia Park, Hee Kyung Ahn, Jun Ho Yi, Eun Yoon Cho, Jong Mu Sun, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Jin Nam, Jung-Hyun Yang, Yeon Hee Park, Jin Seok Ahn, Young-Hyuck Im; Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(2):89-95. Published online June 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.2.89

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
The aim of the current study was to determine the incidence, clinical presentation, and treatment outcomes of "bone-only metastases" in patients with breast cancer and to analyze the impact of hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status on prognosis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between 1994 and 2007, of 968 patients with metastatic breast cancer who underwent palliative management at Samsung Medical Center, 565 (57%) relapsed with distant metastases. Of the 968, 146 (15%) had bone-only metastases during a median follow-up period of 75 months. Among the 146 patients with bone-only metastases, 122 (84%) were relapsed patients after curative surgery and 24 (26%) were initially metastatic cases.
RESULTS
The median time from primary surgery to bone-only metastases of the 122 patients was 37 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 27 to 46 months). Bone-only metastases were more common in the HR-positive group than in the other subtypes (85% for HR+; 8.2% for HER2+; 6.8% for triple negative. Among all 146 patients, 75 (51%) were treated with hormone therapy. The median post-relapse progression-free survival was 15 months (95%CI, 13 to 17 months). The median overall survival was much longer in the HR+ patients than the HER2+ and triple negative breast cancer patients with marginal statistical significance (65 vs. 40 vs. 40 months, p=0.077).
CONCLUSION
Breast cancer patients with "bone-only metastases" had excellent clinical outcomes. Further study is now warranted to reveal the underlying biology that regulates the behavior of this indolent tumor, as it should identify 'favorable tumor characteristics' in addition to 'favorable preferential metastatic site.'

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The Relationship between Expression of the Sodium/iodide Symporter Gene and the Status of Hormonal Receptors in Human Breast Cancer Tissue: Hyun Jung Oh, June-Key Chung, Joo Hyun Kang, Won Jun Kang, Dong Young Noh, In Ae Park, Jae Min Jeong, Dong Soo Lee, Myung Chul Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(4):247-250. Published online August 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.4.247

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

It has been reported that the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) gene is expressed in several breast cancer tissues, suggesting the possibility of radionuclide imaging and therapy. However, the regulatory mechanism of NIS gene expression in breast cancer is not yet understood. To assess the relationship between the hormonal status and the NIS expression in breast cancer tissue, we investigated the NIS expression and correlated it to the expression of the thyrotropin receptor (thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, TSH-R), the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR) in human breast cancer tissues.

Materials and Methods

Breast cancer tissues were obtained from 44 patients. Pathological examination showed 2 cases of Grade I, 17 of Grade II, 22 of Grade III, and 3 of unknown grade. We measured the expression of NIS and TSH-R genes by using RT-PCR and we measured the status of ER and PR by using immunohistochemistry.

Results

The NIS gene was expressed in 15 (34%) of the 44 breast cancer tissues. The NIS gene was expressed in 32% of the cases with TSH-R gene expression. The NIS gene was expressed in 40% of the breast cancer tissues with a positive PR and in 31% with a negative PR (p>0.05). It was positive for PR in 18% of the cases and negative for PR in 39% of the cases (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The NIS gene is expressed in approximately one-third of the human breast cancer tissues. Its expression was not related to the presence of the TSH-R gene or hormonal receptors, ER and PR.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Quantitative Immunohistochemical Analysis Reveals Association between Sodium Iodide Symporter and Estrogen Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer
Sushmita Chatterjee, Renu Malhotra, Frency Varghese, Amirali B. Bukhari, Asawari Patil, Ashwini Budrukkar, Vani Parmar, Sudeep Gupta, Abhijit De, Pranela Rameshwar
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Microarray analysis of genes associated with cell surface NIS protein levels in breast cancer
Sasha J Beyer, Xiaoli Zhang, Rafael E Jimenez, Mei-Ling T Lee, Andrea L Richardson, Kun Huang, Sissy M Jhiang
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Do cell surface trafficking impairments account for variable cell surface sodium iodide symporter levels in breast cancer?
S. J. Beyer, R. E. Jimenez, C. L. Shapiro, J. Y. Cho, S. M. Jhiang
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2009; 115(1): 205. CrossRef

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Influence of Estrogen and Polyamines on Mifepristone-induced Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells: Eun Kyung Choi, Hwi-June Song, Min S. Park, Byeong Gee Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(1):85-90. Published online February 29, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.1.85

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Although androgens are the main steroids controlling the growth of prostate glands, estrogens are also important in the regulation of its growth. Prostate cancer cells, like other cancer cells, maintain high levels of polyamines. In LNCaP cells, apoptosis is induced by mifepristone. During the process of cell death, the regulation of ROS production, caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage were investigated in the presence of estrogen and polyamines to identify their possible roles.

Materials and Methods

The cell growth was assessed using the MTT assay, and theintracellular ROS production by the DCFH-DA assay. The p53 protein expression, activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage were checked by Western blotting, with specific antibodies to each.

Results

The growth and viability of the cells were significantly inhibited, in a dose- and time-dependent manners, by mifepristone (MIF) treatment. The production of ROSwere dependent on the MIF dosage. The activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of PARPalso increased with the duration of MIF treatment. The expression of p53 protein also increased with increases in the MIF incubation time. E₂ severely inhibited the ROS production, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. However, polyamines only inhibited the ROS production, without influencing the caspase-3 activation or PARP cleavage.

Conclusion

In LNCaP cells, MIF induces apoptosis through ROS production. The expression of p53 protein, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage accompanied the process of apoptosis. The apoptotic processes were inhibited by E₂, but polyamines only inhibited the ROS production, implying the multifunctional role of E₂, in addition to its role as a free radical scavenger.

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Synergistic Effect of Ionizing Radiation and β-lapachone against RKO Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cells
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Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Breast Carcinoma: Relevance to Tumor Angiogenesis and Expression of Estrogen Receptor: Haeng Ji Kang, Gu Gong, Se Jin Jang, Pa Jong Jung, Chan Kum Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(4):286-295. Published online August 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.4.286

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study investigates the COX-2 expression in human primary breast carcinomas and its relationship with both angiogenesis and the expression of estrogen receptor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
COX-2 expression, angiogenesis, and estrogen receptor expression were examined by immunohistochemical methods in 167 human breast carcinomas by using monoclonal antibodies against COX-2, CD34, and estrogen receptor protein.
RESULTS
Although COX-2 was expressed in 77.8% of the breast carcinomas (130/167) regardless of histological types, it was not detected at all in benign epithelial cells. Interestingly, COX-2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis (p=0.004), but not with estrogen receptor and other histopathologic parameters.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that COX-2 expression occurs frequently in breast tissue during transformation of benign epithelial cells to malignant cells regardless of the estrogen receptor status. COX-2 expression may play a role in tumor angiogenesis that is responsible for tumor growth and metastasis.

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Synchronous Coexpression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Cyclooxygenase-2 in Carcinomas of the Uterine Cervix
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Overexpression of cyclooxygenase‐2 is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated with radiation and concurrent chemotherapy
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Cancer.2002; 95(3): 531. CrossRef

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The Prognostic Value of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Primary Breast Cancer: Bong Geun Park, Sung Jae Cha, Sung Joon Park; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(4):711-718.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to ascertain the relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) status and estrogen receptor(ER) and other prognostic factors in primary human breast cancer patients. We tried to evaluate the value of EGFR as a prognostic factor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
EGFR and ER were measured by immunohistochemical staining. It was performed on section from paraffin blocks of 60 primary breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy at Chung-Ang University Hospital. And we evaluate the relationship between EGFR and ER and other prognostic factors.
RESULTS
In 20 of 60 patients(33.3%), the staining was positive for the expression of EGFR. Of the 60 patients, 6 were both positive for EGFR and ER, 25 were both negative, 14 were EGFR positive and ER negative, 15 were EGFR negative and ER positive. Between EGFR and estrogen receptor(ER) status, previously known clear inverse relationship was not observed in our study. The EGFR status was not correlated with axillary lymph node involvement, histologic type, and histologic grading. But it was correlated with tumor size(p=0.049), and there was a high tendency of recurrence rate of patients with EGFR-positive tumors as compared with those with EGFR-negative tumors(p=0.078).
CONCLUSION
EGFR status may be valuable as a prognostic factor in determining the prognosis of breast cancer. However, the study of more cases will be needed for the significance of the information about the EGFR as an independent prognostic factor.

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Alfa - difluoromethylornithine Reduced Protein Phosphorylation in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells: Ji Young Lee, Byoung Kee Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(5):1044-1053.

Abstract PDF: No abstract available.

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Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor content in Endometrial Carcinoma: Geong Sin Lee, Mee Young Sol, Sun Kyung Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1995;27(6):978-986.

Abstract PDF: This study was done to evaluate formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material by performing immunohistochemical stains for estrogen receptor(ER) and progesterone receptor(PR) in a series of primary endometrial carcinoma. The endometrial carcinomas used were composed of 49 cases of endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 2 cases of adenoacanthomas, 2 cases of secretory carcinomas, 1 case of adenosquamous carcinoma, and 1 case of clear cell carcinoma. The ER and PR content in the carcinomas were divided into three categories according to the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of nuclear staining. Significant negative correlation was found between ER or PR category of endometrial carcinoma and nuclear grade of carcinoma, and significant positive correlation was found between categories of ER and PR in carcinomas. No significant correlation was found between ER or PR category of carcinoma and age distribution of patients with endometrial carcinoma. The results of this study indicated that immunohistochemical analysis of sex steroid receptor status on formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue offers an excellent alternative to the standard biochemical or fresh frozen section procedures.

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Restoration of Hormone Dependency in Estrogen Receptor - Lipofected MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells: Young Jin Suh, Jae Hee Chang, Chung Soo Chun; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(3):473-482.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The loss of estrogen and progesterone receptors appeats to be associated with a progression to less differentiated and hormone-independent tumors. The gain of hormone independency over time even in estrogen receptor-positive tumors has become another obstacle to endocrine therapy for breast cancer. We tried to regain the hormone dependency in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells by lipofecting estmgen receptor cDNA.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The mutant human estrogen receptor cDNA (pSGS-HEO) was lipofected into estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, in an attempt to restore their sensitivity to antiestrogen. Then the effects of 17p-estradiol and tamoxifen were studied by counting viable cell numbers after treating the lipofected cell line with either one or together.
RESULTS
Culture medium cantaining phenol red, a weak estrogen, has growth advantages compared with culture medium without it. In both culture conditions, cell growth was most profoundly inhibited in 4 days after lipofection with mutant human estrogen receptor cDNA, which was overcome after that day. Tamoxifen, as an antiestrogen, showed a growth inhibitory effect slightly stronger tban combined conditions of tamoxifen and 17- estradiol compared to estrogen-treated group and to control, and the inhibitory effect was lasted 4 days.
CONCLUSION
The temporary induction of estrogen receptor by lipofection with pSGS-HEO on estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 showed negative growth control on these cells by tamoxifen, indicating that liposome-mediated estrogen receptor transfection may be used as a novel therapeutic strategy for hormane independent human breast cancers in the near future.

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A Study of Estrogen Receptors in Gastric Cancer: Young Jin Kim, Moon Oh Bae, Shin Kon Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1994;26(5):722-728.

Abstract PDF: Recently the presence of estrogen receptor(ER) has been demonstrated in some cases of cancer of the digestive tract such as stomach, large intestine, pancreas and the liver which are non-target organs of sex hormones. The authors studied ER in tumors from 95 gastric adenocarcinomas using immunohisto- chemical staining with monoclonal antibody. DNA ploidy using flow cytometry was also as- sessed in 75 cases of gastric carcinomas. ER positivity was 40 of 95(42.1%) gastric carcinomas. The tendency of receptor positivity increased with progression of tumor and lower differentiation. There was no positive relationship between ER positivity and sex, age, gross type, DNA ploidy and the level of carcinoem- bryonic antigen. The results of this study show that hormonal factors are involved in gastric carcinomas and that the cancers have endocrinic characteristics. The sturdies clarifying the rofe of hormones to cancer cells will be valuable in the design of hormonal therapy.

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Identification of Estrogen Receptor Gene in Breast Cancer: Young Jin Suh, In Chul Kim, Sang Seol Jung; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(5):796-806.

Abstract PDF: Background
The initiation and progression of breast carcinoma are profoundly influenced by hormonal factors. Breast tumors that express the estrogen receptor (ER) are slower growing, associated with better long-term disease-free survival, and amenable to endocrine therapy with agents such as the antiestrogen. But only 60% of the ER-positive breast cancer patients respond to endocrine manipulation. In addition, many ER-positive cancers that initially respond to endocrine therapy ultimately progress to a more aggressive hormone-independent phenotype. Loss of estrogen receptor expression is an important means of hormone resistance, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Materials & Method: We examined the ER by dextran-coated charcoal assay and the ER cDNA by reverse transcription-palymerase chain reaction in 19 primary breast cancers to determine if alterations of the gene are associated with the ER-negative status. Results: From this study, we could see the expression of the ER gene in all of the ER- positive specimens, but ER-negative group showed inconsistent results. Four out of 9 ER- negative specimens expressed ER gene. Three of these four were progesterone receptor-positive. Conclusion: This results suggest that ER expression may be determined at the transcription level and that genomic analysis of the ER may be more accurate than conventional ER assays in clinical setting.

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Obesity Related to Breast Cancer Risk by Hormonal Receptor Status: Keun Young Yoo, Sue Kyung Park, Daehee Kang; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(5):962-971.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
A hospital-based case-control study was designed to assess whether obesity may differ in breast cancer risk according to the estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) status.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Information on life-styles was obtained in a hospital-based cancer registry at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan, 1988~1992. Newly diagnosed cases with breast cancer (n=1,154) and controls with no history of cancer (n=21,714) were selected. Body mass index with known and suspected risk factors for breast cancer was included simultaneously in the logistic regression model. Hypothesis tests for differences in odds ratios were done by Wald test based on the polytomous logistic regression models.
RESULTS
Both current weight and body mass index were significantly related to the risk of breast cancer; OR for body weight per 5 kg=1.11 (1.05~1.73), OR for body mass index per 10 kg/m2=1.54 (1.25~1.90). The risks of both body weight and body mass index, however, was not modified by ER, nor by PR.
CONCLUSION
This study strongly suggests that obesity may be associated with breast cancer risk. The possibility that obesity differs according to hormonal receptor status should be pursued in further studies.

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Relation Between Hormone Receptor (Enzyme-Immunoassay and Immunohistochemistry), Histologic Grade and Mammographic Findings in Patients with Primary Breast Cancer: Byung Chul Kang, Ki Keun Oh, Jae Keun Kim, Woo Hee Jung, Hy De Lee, Kyung Soon Song; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(1):53-61.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the relationship between the hormone receptor status, histologic grade and, the film-mammographic findings in primary breast cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
198 breast cancer patients with hormonal receptor assay were included in this study. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) were determined by immunohistochemical method and enzyme-immunoassay. And film-mammographic findings were evaluated to disclose the relationship among the three variables (film-mmamographic findings, histologic grade and hormonal receptor status). Film- mammographic findings of the breast cancer are classified as spiculation, increased parenchymal density, calcification and mass.
RESULTS
There is no correlation between estrogen receptor and histologic grade in 154 patients. Some correlation between estrogen receptor by enzyme-immunoassay and by immunohistochemistrical methods with 28 available data were observed (R=0.428). Among high estrogen receptor (ER) patients, there is a high possibility of spiculation or mass in mammography with 79 available data (Modified t-test, P<0.01).
CONCLUSION
Spiculation or/and mass of the mammography can be related to the high possibile factor of the positive estrogen receptor or high level of estrogen receptor in primary breast cancer.

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