Cancer Research and Treatment

Review Articles

Cellular Dormancy in Cancer: Mechanisms and Potential Targeting Strategies: Hye-Young Min, Ho-Young Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):720-736. Published online March 22, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.468

Cancer is a leading cause of disease-related mortality worldwide. Drug resistance is one of the primary reasons for the failure of anticancer therapy. There are a number of underlying mechanisms for anticancer drug resistance including genetic/epigenetic modifications, microenvironmental factors, and tumor heterogeneity. In the present scenario, researchers have focused on these novel mechanisms and strategies to tackle them. Recently, researchers have recognized the ability of cancer to become dormant because of anticancer drug resistance, tumor relapse, and progression. Currently, cancer dormancy is classified into “tumor mass dormancy” and “cellular dormancy.” Tumor mass dormancy represents the equilibrium between cell proliferation and cell death under the control of blood supply and immune responses. Cellular dormancy denotes the state in which cells undergo quiescence and is characterized by autophagy, stress-tolerance signaling, microenvironmental cues, and epigenetic modifications. Cancer dormancy has been regarded as the stem of primary or distal recurrent tumor formation and poor clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Despite the insufficiency of reliable models of cellular dormancy, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of cellular dormancy have been clarified in numerous studies. A better understanding of the biology of cancer dormancy is critical for the development of effective anticancer therapeutic strategies. In this review, we summarize the characteristics and regulatory mechanisms of cellular dormancy, introduce several potential strategies for targeting cellular dormancy, and discuss future perspectives.

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Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of 4-arylamine substituted pyrimidine derivatives as noncovalent EGFR inhibitors overcoming C797S mutation
Yaqing Zuo, Zhiwu Long, Rongrong Li, Yi Le, Silong Zhang, Huan He, Longjia Yan
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2024; 265: 116106. CrossRef
Unveiling the role of cellular dormancy in cancer progression and recurrence
Evelyne Collignon
Current Opinion in Oncology.2024; 36(2): 74. CrossRef
Mitophagy-Mediated Tumor Dormancy Protects Cancer Cells from Chemotherapy
Yunqing Sun, Yang Chen, Zhenan Liu, Jingjing Wang, Junqiang Bai, Ruixue Du, Mingshu Long, Zhengjun Shang
Biomedicines.2024; 12(2): 305. CrossRef
Survival strategies: How tumor hypoxia microenvironment orchestrates angiogenesis
Mengrui Yang, Yufeng Mu, Xiaoyun Yu, Dandan Gao, Wenfeng Zhang, Ye Li, Jingyang Liu, Changgang Sun, Jing Zhuang
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Colorectal cancer and dormant metastases: Put to sleep or destroy?
Marina A Senchukova
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2024; 16(6): 2304. CrossRef
Tumor Dormancy and Reactivation: The Role of Heat Shock Proteins
Haneef Ahmed Amissah, Stephanie E. Combs, Maxim Shevtsov
Cells.2024; 13(13): 1087. CrossRef
Advancements in Understanding the Hide-and-Seek Strategy of Hibernating Breast Cancer Cells and Their Implications in Oncology from a Broader Perspective: A Comprehensive Overview
Aiman Al-Ruwishan, Bushra Amer, Ahmed Salem, Ahmed Abdi, Namoonga Chimpandu, Abdelmonem Esa, Alexandros Melemenis, Muhammad Zubair Saleem, Roselit Mathew, Yaser Gamallat
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Prospects of compounds of herbal plants as anticancer agents: a comprehensive review from molecular pathways
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Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Deciphering genetic and nongenetic factors underlying tumour dormancy: insights from multiomics analysis of two syngeneic MRD models of melanoma and leukemia
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Deciphering Dormant Cells of Lung Adenocarcinoma: Prognostic Insights from O-glycosylation-Related Tumor Dormancy Genes Using Machine Learning
Chenfei Dong, Yang Liu, Suli Chong, Jiayue Zeng, Ziming Bian, Xiaoming Chen, Sairong Fan
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Outcomes in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients with cancer: The Japan Stroke Data Bank
Takeshi Yoshimoto, Kazunori Toyoda, Sohei Yoshimura, Shinichi Wada, Masafumi Ihara, Junji Miyazaki, Kaori Miwa, Tomohide Yoshie, Yoshihiro Miyamoto, Shotai Kobayashi, Kazuo Minematsu, Masatoshi Koga
Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2024; 466: 123234. CrossRef
Effect of postsurgical adjuvant chemotherapy timing on outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Longlan Zhou, Lin Zhang
Journal of Chemotherapy.2024; : 1. CrossRef
Apolipoproteins have a major role in cellular tumor dormancy in triple negative breast cancer: In-silico study
Zaynab El-Gammal, Usama Bakry, Ahmed F. El-Sayed, Toka A. Ahmed, Gehad Atef Oura, Shimaa E. Elshenawy, Nagwa El-Badri, Amin F. Romany, Khaled Amer, Tarek Elnagdy, Osama Mahmoud Azmy, Tarek Taha Ahmed Ali
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Synthesis, In Silico Prediction, and In Vitro Evaluation of Anti-tumor Activities of Novel 4'-Hydroxybiphenyl-4-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as EGFR Allosteric Site Inhibitors
Wurood A. Shihab, Ammar A. Razzak Kubba, Lubna H. Tahtamouni, Khaled M. Saleh, Mai F. AlSakhen, Sana I. Kanaan, Abdulrahman M. Saleh, Salem R. Yasin
Current Medicinal Chemistry.2024; 31(38): 6336. CrossRef
Navigating the Complexity of Resistance in Lung Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms, Organoid Models, and Strategies for Overcoming Treatment Failure
Da Hyun Kang, Jisoo Lee, Subin Im, Chaeuk Chung
Cancers.2024; 16(23): 3996. CrossRef
The changing treatment landscape of EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer
Fei Zhou, Haoyue Guo, Yang Xia, Xiuning Le, Daniel S. W. Tan, Suresh S. Ramalingam, Caicun Zhou
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Challenges in the Use of Targeted Therapies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Joel Rivera-Concepcion, Dipesh Uprety, Alex A. Adjei; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):315-329. Published online February 18, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.078

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Precision oncology has fundamentally changed how we diagnose and treat cancer. In recent years, there has been a significant change in the management of patients with oncogene-addicted advanced-stage NSCLC. Increasing amounts of identifiable oncogene drivers have led to the development of molecularly targeted drugs. Undoubtedly, the future of thoracic oncology is shifting toward increased molecular testing and the use of targeted therapies. For the most part, these novel drugs have proven to be safe and effective. As with all great innovations, targeted therapies pose unique challenges. Drug toxicities, resistance, access, and costs are some of the expected obstacles that will need to be addressed. This review highlights some of the major challenges in the use of targeted therapies in NSCLC and provides guidance for the future strategies.

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A local perspective on internal, external, and reflexive biomarker testing processes for lung cancer in an academic medical center
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Cancer.2024; 130(12): 2085. CrossRef
Advances in BRAF-targeted therapies for non-small cell lung cancer: the promise of encorafenib and binimetinib
Areeba Fareed, Nabiha Amir, Humna Ajaz, Afra Sohail, Rayyan Vaid, Solay Farhat
International Journal of Surgery.2024; 110(4): 1891. CrossRef
Drug Repurposing: Exploring Potential Anti-Cancer Strategies by Targeting Cancer Signalling Pathways
Natalia Haddad, Sara Magura Gamaethige, Nadine Wehida, Ahmed Elbediwy
Biology.2024; 13(6): 386. CrossRef
Exploring the Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Targeting Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarkers
Avinash Khadela, Kaivalya Megha, Vraj B Shah, Shruti Soni, Aayushi C Shah, Hetvi Mistry, Shelly Bhatt, Manthan Merja
Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Decreased aggressive care at the end of life among advanced cancer patients in the Republic of Korea: a nationwide study from 2012 to 2018
Sara Kwon, Kyuwoong Kim, Bohyun Park, So-Jung Park, Hyun Jung Jho, Jin Young Choi
BMC Palliative Care.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Inhibition of NNMT enhances drug sensitivity in lung cancer cells through mediation of autophagy
Jian Wang, Ming Zhang, Xin You, Yang Xu, Congcong Zhang, Ying Li, Chunhui Yang, Qi Wang
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Next-generation sequencing impact on cancer care: applications, challenges, and future directions
Mariano Zalis, Gilson Gabriel Viana Veloso, Pedro Nazareth Aguiar Jr., Nathalia Gimenes, Marina Xavier Reis, Silvio Matsas, Carlos Gil Ferreira
Frontiers in Genetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Expression and Functional Analysis of Immuno-Micro-RNAs mir-146a and mir-326 in Colorectal Cancer
Ovidiu Farc, Liviuta Budisan, Florin Zaharie, Roman Țăulean, Dan Vălean, Elena Talvan, Ioana Berindan Neagoe, Oana Zănoagă, Cornelia Braicu, Victor Cristea
Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2024; 46(7): 7065. CrossRef
Advances in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Current Insights and Future Directions
Pankaj Garg, Sulabh Singhal, Prakash Kulkarni, David Horne, Jyoti Malhotra, Ravi Salgia, Sharad S. Singhal
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(14): 4189. CrossRef
Proceedings from the First Onco Summit: LATAM Chapter, 19–20 May 2023, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Vania Hungria, Anna Sureda, Garcia Rosario Campelo, Marco Aurélio Salvino, Karthik Ramasamy
Cancers.2024; 16(17): 3063. CrossRef
Non-small-cell lung cancer
Lizza E. L. Hendriks, Jordi Remon, Corinne Faivre-Finn, Marina C. Garassino, John V. Heymach, Keith M. Kerr, Daniel S. W. Tan, Giulia Veronesi, Martin Reck
Nature Reviews Disease Primers.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A phase Ib study of the combination of naporafenib with rineterkib or trametinib in patients with advanced and metastatic KRAS- or BRAF-mutant non-small cell lung cancer
David Planchard, Jürgen Wolf, Benjamin Solomon, Martin Sebastian, Martin Wermke, Rebecca S. Heist, Jong-Mu Sun, Tae Min Kim, Noemi Reguart, Miguel F. Sanmamed, Enriqueta Felip, Pilar Garrido, Armando Santoro, Douglas Bootle, Xuân-Mai Couillebault, Anil Ga
Lung Cancer.2024; 197: 107964. CrossRef
CIGB-300 internalizes and impairs viability of NSCLC cells lacking actionable targets by inhibiting casein kinase-2 signaling
Ying Yi, Lingfeng Dai, Yaqin Lan, Changyuan Tan, Dania M. Vázquez-Blomquist, Guirong Zeng, Dejian Jiang, Ke Yang, Silvio E. Perea, Yasser Perera
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Prognostic score and sex-specific nomograms to predict survival in resectable lung cancer: a French nationwide study from the Epithor cohort database
Marco Alifano, Elisa Daffré, Laurent Brouchet, Pierre Emmanuel Falcoz, Françoise Le Pimpec Barthes, Pierre Benoit Pages, Pascal Alexandre Thomas, Marcel Dahan, Raphael Porcher
The Lancet Regional Health - Europe.2023; 26: 100566. CrossRef
Proteolysis targeting chimeras in non-small cell lung cancer
Garo Hagopian, Christopher Grant, Misako Nagasaka
Cancer Treatment Reviews.2023; 117: 102561. CrossRef
Nanotechnology prospects in brain therapeutics concerning gene-targeting and nose-to-brain administration
Dong-Dong Wu, Yasmine Ahmed Salah, Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi, Yan-Xia Zhang, Saadullah Khattak, Nazeer Hussain Khan, Yan Wang, Tao Li, Zi-Hua Guo, Yan-Mei Wang, Xin-Ying Ji
iScience.2023; 26(8): 107321. CrossRef
Smart Sensors and Microtechnologies in the Precision Medicine Approach against Lung Cancer
Giulia Maria Stella, Sara Lettieri, Davide Piloni, Ilaria Ferrarotti, Fabio Perrotta, Angelo Guido Corsico, Chandra Bortolotto
Pharmaceuticals.2023; 16(7): 1042. CrossRef
Recent advances in non-small cell lung cancer targeted therapy; an update review
Mahmood Araghi, Reza Mannani, Ali Heidarnejad maleki, Adel Hamidi, Samaneh Rostami, Salar Hozhabri Safa, Fatemeh Faramarzi, Sahar Khorasani, Mina Alimohammadi, Safa Tahmasebi, Reza Akhavan-Sigari
Cancer Cell International.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
AXL transcriptionally up-regulates TMEM14A expression to mediate cell proliferation in non-small-cell lung cancer cells
Te-Hsuan Jang, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Ya-Yu Yang, Shu-Hui Wu, Tsu-Hsiang Kuo, Shuang-En Chuang
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2023; 682: 365. CrossRef
Applications of nanofibers drug delivery system in cancer therapy
Nafiu Aminu, Salim Ilyasu, Mohammed Al-Kassim Hassan, Fatima Shuaibu Kurfi, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Siok-Yee Chan, Deghinmotei Alfred-Ugbenbo
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2023; 90: 105128. CrossRef
Exploring the Anticancer Potential of Origanum majorana Essential Oil Monoterpenes Alone and in Combination against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Kholoud Arafat, Aya Mudhafar Al-Azawi, Shahrazad Sulaiman, Samir Attoub
Nutrients.2023; 15(23): 5010. CrossRef
Novel Biomarkers in Lung Cancer and Chronic Lung Diseases: From the Systematic Perspective of Yin–Yang Balance
Mi-Kyung Jeong, Jaemoo Chun, In-Jae Oh
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(15): 4275. CrossRef
Application of Perinatal Derivatives on Oncological Preclinical Models: A Review of Animal Studies
Ricardo Teixo, Ana Salomé Pires, Eurico Pereira, Beatriz Serambeque, Inês Alexandra Marques, Mafalda Laranjo, Slavko Mojsilović, Roberto Gramignoli, Peter Ponsaerts, Andreina Schoeberlein, Maria Filomena Botelho
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(15): 8570. CrossRef
Survival benefit of thermal ablation therapy for patients with stage II-III non-small cell lung cancer: A propensity-matched analysis
Wei-Yu Yang, Yu He, Qikang Hu, Muyun Peng, Zhe Zhang, Shouzhi Xie, Fenglei Yu
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment
Hye-Young Min, Ho-Young Lee
Experimental & Molecular Medicine.2022; 54(10): 1670. CrossRef
Transcriptomic FHITlow/pHER2high signature as a predictive factor of outcome and immunotherapy response in non-small cell lung cancer
Audrey Brisebarre, Julien Ancel, Théophile Ponchel, Emma Loeffler, Adeline Germain, Véronique Dalstein, Valérian Dormoy, Anne Durlach, Gonzague Delepine, Gaëtan Deslée, Myriam Polette, Béatrice Nawrocki-Raby
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
CIGB-300 Anticancer Peptide Differentially Interacts with CK2 Subunits and Regulates Specific Signaling Mediators in a Highly Sensitive Large Cell Lung Carcinoma Cell Model
George V. Pérez, Mauro Rosales, Ailyn C. Ramón, Arielis Rodríguez-Ulloa, Vladimir Besada, Luis J. González, Daylen Aguilar, Dania Vázquez-Blomquist, Viviana Falcón, Evelin Caballero, Paulo C. Carvalho, Rodrigo Soares Caldeira, Ke Yang, Yasser Perera, Silv
Biomedicines.2022; 11(1): 43. CrossRef

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Original Articles

CXCL-13 Regulates Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil in Colorectal Cancer: Guolin Zhang, Xin Luo, Wei Zhang, Engeng Chen, Jianbin Xu, Fei Wang, Gaoyang Cao, Zhenyu Ju, Dongai Jin, Xuefeng Huang, Wei Zhou, Zhangfa Song; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):622-633. Published online December 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.593

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) is used as a conventional chemotherapy drug in chemotherapy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer, but many patients still suffer from treatment failure due to 5-Fu resistance. Emerging observations revealed the important role of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL-13) in tumor microenvironment and its relationship with prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. This study is designed to reveal the important role of CXCL-13 in causing colorectal cancer resistance to 5-Fu.
Materials and Methods
CXCL-13 levels of patient's serum or cell culture supernatants were measured separately by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In cell assays, cell viability is detected by Cell Counting Kit-8. Therefore, the recombinant human CXCL-13 was used to simulate its high expression in cells while its antibody and siRNA were used to reduce CXCL-13 expression in cells.
Results
In this study, we demonstrated that CXCL-13 is associated with 5-Fu resistance by culture medium exchange experiments and cytokine arrays of colorectal cancer resistant and nonresistant cells. Clinical studies showed that CXCL-13 is highly expressed in the serum of 5-Fu–resistant patients. High levels of serum CXCL-13 also predict a worse clinical outcome. The addition of recombinant CXCL-13 cytokine resulted in 5-Fu resistance, while its antibody overcame 5-Fu resistance, and knockdown of CXCL-13 expression by siRNA also reduced 5-Fu resistance, which can be saved by added recombination CXCL-13.
Conclusion
These results not only identify a CXCL-13 mediated 5-Fu resistance mechanism but also provide a novel target for 5-Fu–resistant colorectal cancer in prevention and treatment strategies.

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Mechanism of 5-fluorouracil induced resistance and role of piperine and curcumin as chemo-sensitizers in colon cancer
Dorothy Bhattacharjya, Nageswaran Sivalingam
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2024; 397(11): 8445. CrossRef
The combination of SHP099 inhibits the malignant biological behavior of L-OHP/5-FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells by regulating energy metabolism reprogramming
Meilian Wang, Kun Yu, Wen Fu, Lihong Yang
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2024; 728: 150262. CrossRef
Serum CXCL13 as a Novel Biomarker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Shin Tojo, Koh‐ichi Nakashiro, Nobuyuki Kuribayashi, Daisuke Uchida
Cancer Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The potential of kaempferol in digestive system tumors: recent advances and mechanistic insights
Xunxing Hao, Meng Ding, Chenyu Chi, Xiaodong Xu, Xiaoyu Zhang, Mingzhe Hu
Discover Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jiazheng Li, Chao Yang, Yongbin Zheng
Frontiers in Genetics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Cairu Gu, Xifeng Xiong, Wei Liu, Elisa Belluzzi
Disease Markers.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
TIMP-2 as a predictive biomarker in 5-Fu-resistant colorectal cancer
Yaoqing Li, Chuchu Xu, Renjun Zhu, Liyijing Shen, Gengyuan Hu, Kelong Tao, Feng Tao, Zengxin Lu, Guolin Zhang
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Identification of Key Gene Targets for Sensitizing Colorectal Cancer to Chemoradiation: an Integrative Network Analysis on Multiple Transcriptomics Data
Hamed Manoochehri, Akram Jalali, Hamid Tanzadehpanah, Amir Taherkhani, Massoud Saidijam
Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer.2022; 53(3): 649. CrossRef
Exosomes-mediated tumor treatment: One body plays multiple roles
Na Xu, Ranran Guo, Xiaotong Yang, Ning Li, Jia Yu, Peng Zhang
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Potential Role of CXCL13/CXCR5 Signaling in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Cancer
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Recent Updates on Mechanisms of Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil and Reversal Strategies in Colon Cancer Treatment
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Alterations in PD-L1 Expression Associated with Acquisition of Resistance to ALK Inhibitors in ALK-Rearranged Lung Cancer: Su-Jung Kim, Soyeon Kim, Dong-Wan Kim, Miso Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Tae Min Kim, Yusoo Lee, Jaemoon Koh, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Dae Seog Heo; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1231-1240. Published online December 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.486

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the resistance of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‒positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to ALK inhibitors and the programmed cell death-1/programmed cell death–ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, we evaluated alterations in PD-L1 following acquisition of resistance to ALK inhibitors in ALK-positive lung cancer.
Materials and Methods
We established ALK inhibitor-resistant cell lines (H3122CR1, LR1, and CH1) by exposing the parental H3122 ALK-translocated NSCLC cell line to ALK inhibitors. Then, the double-resistant cell lines H3122CR1LR1 and CR1CH1 were developed by exposing the H3122CR1 to other ALK inhibitors. We compared the alterations in PD-L1 expression levels using western blotting, flow cytometry, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated gene expression using RNA sequencing. The expression of PD-L1 in the tumors from 26 ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC patients (11 ALK inhibitor-naïve and 15 ALK inhibitor-resistant patients) was assessed by immunohistochemistry and analyzed.
Results
PD-L1 was expressed at higher levels in ALK inhibitor-resistant cell lines than in the ALK inhibitor-naïve parental cell line at the total protein, surface protein, and mRNA levels. Furthermore, PD-L1 expression in the double-resistant cell lines was much higher than that in the single resistant cell lines. RNA sequencing demonstrated that expression of immune-related genes were largely involved in ALK inhibitor resistance. The mean value of the PD-L1 H-score was 6.5 pre-treatment and 35.0 post-treatment, and the fold difference was 5.42 (p=0.163).
Conclusion
PD-L1 expression increased following acquisition of ALK inhibitor resistance in ALK-positive NSCLC cell lines and tumors.

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Association of PD-L1 expression and clinical outcomes in ROS1 - rearranged advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with crizotinib
Huixian Zhang, Ziheng Zhang, Ningning Yan, Xingya Li
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Co-Occurrence of ALK rearrangement and KRAS G12C mutation in NSCLC: Report of two cases
M Siringo, F Larocca, A Spagnuolo, G Gentile, M Anile, D Diso, D Santini, A Gelibter
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Prediction of Acquired Taxane Resistance Using a Personalized Pathway-Based Machine Learning Method: Young Rae Kim, Dongha Kim, Sung Young Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(2):672-684. Published online August 10, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.137

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study was conducted to develop and validate an individualized prediction model for automated detection of acquired taxane resistance (ATR).
Materials and Methods
Penalized regression, combinedwith an individualized pathway score algorithm,was applied to construct a predictive model using publically available genomic cohorts of ATR and intrinsic taxane resistance (ITR). To develop a model with enhanced generalizability, we merged multiple ATR studies then updated the learning parameter via robust cross-study validation.
Results
For internal cross-study validation, the ATR model produced a perfect performance with an overall area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of 1.000 with an area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 1.000, a Brier score of 0.007, a sensitivity and a specificity of 100%. The model showed an excellent performance on two independent blind ATR cohorts (overall AUROC of 0.940, AUPRC of 0.940, a Brier score of 0.127). When we applied our algorithm to two large-scale pharmacogenomic resources for ITR, the Cancer Genome Project (CGP) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE), an overall ITR cross-study AUROC was 0.70, which is a far better accuracy than an almost random level reported by previous studies. Furthermore, this model had a high transferability on blind ATR cohorts with an AUROC of 0.69, suggesting that general predictive features may be at work across both ITR and ATR.
Conclusion
We successfully constructed a multi-study–derived personalized prediction model for ATR with excellent accuracy, generalizability, and transferability.

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The impact and future of artificial intelligence in medical genetics and molecular medicine: an ongoing revolution
Firat Ozcelik, Mehmet Sait Dundar, A. Baki Yildirim, Gary Henehan, Oscar Vicente, José A. Sánchez-Alcázar, Nuriye Gokce, Duygu T. Yildirim, Nurdeniz Nalbant Bingol, Dijana Plaseska Karanfilska, Matteo Bertelli, Lejla Pojskic, Mehmet Ercan, Miklos Kellerma
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Beatriz Bueschbell, Ana Beatriz Caniceiro, Pedro M.S. Suzano, Miguel Machuqueiro, Nícia Rosário-Ferreira, Irina S. Moreira
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Edward R. Polanco, Tarek E. Moustafa, Andrew Butterfield, Sandra D. Scherer, Emilio Cortes-Sanchez, Tyler Bodily, Benjamin T. Spike, Bryan E. Welm, Philip S. Bernard, Thomas A. Zangle
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Giovanna Cilluffo, Salvatore Fasola, Giuliana Ferrante, Velia Malizia, Laura Montalbano, Stefania La Grutta
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A. Tolios, J. De Las Rivas, E. Hovig, P. Trouillas, A. Scorilas, T. Mohr
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Nicolas Borisov, Anton Buzdin
Frontiers in Oncology.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Promote the Chemo-resistance in Gastric Cancer through Secreting IL-11 Targeting JAK/STAT3/Bcl2 Pathway: Jun Ma, Xiao Song, Xiaowu Xu, Yiping Mou; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):194-210. Published online April 20, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.031

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Our aim was to detect the potential role of interleukin 11 (IL-11) in the development of chemo-resistance in gastric cancer and to reveal the mechanism involved in the process.
Materials and Methods
Here, we used flow cytometry to examine the percentage of cancer-associated-fibroblasts in tumor samples from chemo-resistant and -sensitive gastric cancer patients. Using MTT assay, we detected the cell viability under different conditions. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, we determined the target expressions in mRNA and protein levels. We also performed immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to detect the target proteins under different conditions. Animal models were constructed to verify the potential role of IL-11 in chemo-resistant develop in vivo.
Results
Herein, we observed enriched cancer associated fibroblasts in drug resistant tumor tissues from gastric patients. Those fibroblasts facilitate the chemotherapeutic drugs resistance development through the secretion of IL-11, which activates the IL-11/IL-11R/gp130/ JAK/STAT3 anti-apoptosis signaling pathway in gastric cancer cells. We found that the combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and JAK inhibitor overcomes the resistance and increases the survival of mice with gastric cancer xenografts.
Conclusion
Ourresults demonstrated that IL-11 contributed to the obtain ofresistance to chemotherapy drugs through gp130/JAK/STAT3/Bcl2 pathway, and targeting the IL-11 signaling pathway induced by fibroblasts might be a promising strategy to overcome the multi-drugs resistant cancer in clinic.

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Participation of CCL1 in Snail-Positive Fibroblasts in Colorectal Cancer Contribute to 5-Fluorouracil/Paclitaxel Chemoresistance: Ziqian Li, Kaying Chan, Yifei Qi, Linlin Lu, Fen Ning, Mengling Wu, Haifang Wang, Yuan Wang, Shaohui Cai, Jun Du; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(3):894-907. Published online September 18, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.356

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) activated by cancer cells has a central role in development and malignant biological behavior in colorectal cancer (CRC). Adult fibroblasts do not express Snail, but Snail-positive fibroblasts are discovered in the stroma of malignant CRC and reported to be the key role to chemoresistance. However, the reciprocal effect of CAFs expressed Snail to chemoresistance on CRC cells and the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully characterized.
Materials and Methods
Snail-overexpressed 3T3 stable cell lines were generated by lipidosome and CT26 mixed with 3T3-Snail subcutaneous transplanted CRC models were established by subcutaneous injection. Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry and western blotting assays were performed, and immunohistochemistry staining was studied. The cytokines participated in chemoresistance was validated with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and heatmap.
Results
Snail-expression fibroblasts are discovered in human and mouse spontaneous CRCs. Overexpression of Snail induces 3T3 fibroblasts transdifferentiation to CAFs. CT26 co-cultured with 3T3-Snail resisted the impairment from 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel in vitro. The subcutaneous transplanted tumor models included 3T3-Snail cells develop without restrictions even after treating with 5-fluorouracil or paclitaxel. Moreover, these chemoresistant processes may be mediated by CCL1 secreted by Snail-expression fibroblasts via transforming growth factor β/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways.
Conclusion
Taken together, Snail-expressing 3T3 fibroblasts display CAFs properties that support 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel chemoresistance in CRC via participation of CCL1 and suggest that inhibition of the Snail-expression fibroblasts in tumor may be a useful strategy to limit chemoresistance.

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FOXO1 Suppression is a Determinant of Acquired Lapatinib-Resistance in HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer Cells Through MET Upregulation: Jinju Park, Yiseul Choi, Young San Ko, Younghoon Kim, Jung-Soo Pyo, Bo Gun Jang, Min A Kim, Jae-Seon Lee, Mee Soo Chang, Jong-Wan Park, Byung Lan Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(1):239-254. Published online March 24, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.580

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Lapatinib is a candidate drug for treatment of trastuzumab-resistant, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive gastric cancer (GC). Unfortunately, lapatinib resistance renders this drug ineffective. The present study investigated the implication of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) signaling in the acquired lapatinib resistance in HER2-positive GC cells.
Materials and Methods
Lapatinib-resistant GC cell lines (SNU-216 LR2-8) were generated in vitro by chronic exposure of lapatinib-sensitive, HER2-positive SNU-216 cells to lapatinib. SNU-216 LR cells with FOXO1 overexpression were generated by stable transfection of a constitutively active FOXO1 mutant (FOXO1A3). HER2 and MET in SNU-216 LR cells were downregulated using RNA interference. The sensitivity of GC cells to lapatinib and/or cisplatin was determined by crystal violet assay. In addition, Western blot analysis, luciferase reporter assay and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction were performed.
Results
SNU-216 LR cells showed upregulations of HER2 and MET, but downregulation of FOXO1 compared to parental SNU-216 cells. FOXO1 overexpression in SNU-216 LR cells significantly suppressed resistance to lapatinib and/or cisplatin. In addition, FOXO1 negatively controlled HER2 and MET at the transcriptional level and was negatively controlled by these molecules at the post-transcriptional level. A positive crosstalk was shown between HER2 and MET, each of which increased resistance to lapatinib and/or cisplatin.
Conclusion
FOXO1 serves as an important linker between HER2 and MET signaling pathways through negative crosstalks and is a key regulator of the acquired lapatinib resistance in HER2-positive GC cells. These findings provide a rationale for establishing a novel treatment strategy to overcome lapatinib resistance in a subtype of GC patients.

Citations

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The FOXO1/G6PC axis promotes gastric cancer progression and mediates 5‐fluorouracil resistance by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
Anna Han, Taorui Liu, Pan Du, Mengying Wang, Jiajing Liu, Liyan Chen
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Characterization of MET Alterations in 37 Gastroesophageal Cancer Cell Lines for MET-Targeted Therapy
Jin-Soo Kim, Mi Young Kim, Sungyoul Hong
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HER2-targeted therapies beyond breast cancer — an update
Jeesun Yoon, Do-Youn Oh
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Upregulation of MicroRNA-1246 Is Associated with BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma Cells with Mutant BRAF: Jae-Hyeon Kim, Jun-Ho Ahn, Michael Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):947-959. Published online January 3, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.280

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Intrinsic and acquired resistance limit the therapeutic benefits of inhibitors of oncogenic BRAF in melanoma. To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with resistance to a BRAF inhibitor, we compared miRNA expression levels in three cell lines with different BRAF inhibitor sensitivity.
Materials and Methods
miRNA microarray analysis was conducted to compare miRNA expression levels. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the expression of differentially expressed miRNAs. The cellular effects of miR-1246 were further examined by MTT assay, immunoblotting analysis, cell cycle analysis, flow cytometric assay of apoptosis, and autophagy assay.
Results
The miRNA microarray analysis and qRT-PCR identified five miRNAs (miR-3617, miR-92a-1, miR-1246, miR-193b-3p, and miR-17-3p) with expression that was consistently altered in two BRAF inhibitor-resistant cell lines. Among the five miRNAs, a miR-1246 mimic significantly reduced the antiproliferative effects of the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 in BRAF inhibitor–resistant A375P (A375P/Mdr) cells, suggesting that miR-1246 upregulation confers acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition. In particular, apoptosis was identified as a major type of cell death in miR-1246–transfected cells; however, necrosis predominated in mimic-control-transfected cells, indicating that the resistance to PLX4720 in miR-1246 mimic-transfected cells is predominantly due to a reduction in necrosis. Furthermore, we found that miR-1246 promoted G2/M arrest through autophagy as a way to escape cell death by necrosis and apoptosis in response to PLX4720. The promotion of BRAF inhibitor resistance by miR-1246 was associated with lowered levels of p-ERK.
Conclusion
These results suggest that miR-1246 may be a potential therapeutic target in melanoma with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors.

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Review Article

Treatment of Non-small Cell Lung Carcinoma after Failure of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor: Jae Cheol Lee, Seung Hun Jang, Kye Young Lee, Young-Chul Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(2):79-85. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.2.79

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Since the first description of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation as a distinct clinical entity, studies have proved EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as a first choice of treatment. The median response duration of TKIs as a first-line treatment for EGFR mutant tumors ranges from 11 to 14 months. However, acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs is inevitable due to various mechanisms, such as T790M, c-Met amplification, activation of alternative pathways (IGF-1, HGF, PI3CA, AXL), transformation to mesenchymal cell or small cell features, and tumor heterogeneity. Until development of a successful treatment strategy to overcome such acquired resistance, few options are currently available. Here we provide a summary of the therapeutic options after failure of first line EGFR-TKI treatment for NSCLC.

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Original Article

Constitutive Expression of MAP Kinase Phosphatase-1 Confers Multi-drug Resistance in Human Glioblastoma Cells: Hana Yu, Junseong Park, Jungsul Lee, Kyungsun Choi, Chulhee Choi; Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(3):195-201. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.3.195

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PURPOSE
Current treatment of glioblastoma after surgery consists of a combination of fractionated radiotherapy and temozolomide. However, it is difficult to completely remove glioblastoma because it has uncertain boundaries with surrounding tissues. Moreover, combination therapy is not always successful because glioblastoma has diverse resistances. To overcome these limitations, we examined the combined effects of chemotherapy and knockdown of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used ten different anti-cancer drugs (cisplatin, cyclophosphoamide, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, irinotecan, mitomycin C, and vincristine) to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. Knockdown of MKP-1 was performed using siRNA and lipofectamine. The basal level of MKP-1 in GBM was analyzed based on cDNA microarray data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases.
RESULTS
Anti-cancer drug-induced cell death was significantly enhanced by knockdown of MKP-1, and this effect was most prominent in cells treated with irinotecan and etoposide. Treatment with these two drugs led to significantly increased phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in a time-dependent manner, while pharmacological inhibition of JNK partially inhibited drug-induced cell death. Knockdown of MKP-1 also enhanced drug-induced phosphorylation of JNK.
CONCLUSION
Increased MKP-1 expression levels could be the cause of the high resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics in human GBM. Therefore, MKP-1 is an attractive target for overcoming drug resistance in this highly refractory malignancy.

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Review Article

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Drug Resistance and Metastasis of Lung Cancer: Fariz Nurwidya, Fumiyuki Takahashi, Akiko Murakami, Kazuhisa Takahashi; Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(3):151-156. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.3.151

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Among all types of cancer, incidence of lung cancer remains the highest with regard to cancer-related mortality. Problems contributing to recurrence of the disease include metastasis and drug resistance. Mounting evidence has demonstrated involvement of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer progression. EMT is a critical mechanism ensuring tissue remodeling during morphogenesis of multicellular organisms. Therefore, understanding of the biology of this process for identification of potential EMT-targeted therapeutic strategies for the benefit cancer patients is necessary. This review describes recent evidence of EMT involvement in drug resistance and metastasis of cancers, with an emphasis on lung cancer.

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Original Articles

cDNA Microarray Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Gastric Cancer Cells Sensitive and Resistant to 5-Fluorouracil and Cisplatin: Myung-Ju Ahn, Young-Do Yoo, Ki-Hwan Lee, Joon-Ik Ahn, Dong-Hyun Yu, Hye-Sook Lee, Ho-Suck Oh, Jung-Hye Choi, Yong-Sung Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(1):54-62. Published online February 28, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.1.54

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cisplatin are the most commonly used drugs for the treatment of gastric cancer. However, a significant number of tumors often fail to respond to chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods

To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in gastric cancer the gene expression in gastric cancer cells, which were either sensitive or resistant to 5-FU and cisplatin, were examined using cDNA microarray analysis. To confirm the differential gene expression, as determined using the microarray, semiquantitative RT-PCR was performed on a subset of differentially expressed cDNAs.

Results

69 and 45 genes, which were either up-regulated (9 and 22 genes) or down-regulated (60 and 25 genes), were identified in 5-FU- and cisplatin-resistant cells, respectively. Several genes, such as adaptor-related protein complex 1 and baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 3, were up-regulated in both drug-resistant cell types. Several genes, such as the ras homolog gene family, tropomyosin, tumor rejection antigen, protein disulfide isomerase-related protein, melanocortin 1 receptor, defensin, cyclophilin B, dual specificity phosphatase 8 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3, were down-regulated in both drugresistant cell types.

Conclusion

These findings show that cDNA microarray analysis can be used to obtain gene expression profiles that reflect the effect of anticancer drugs on gastric cancer cells. Such data may lead to the assigning of signature expression profiles of drug-resistant tumors, which may help predict responses to drugs and assist in the design of tailored therapeutic regimens to overcome drug resistance.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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The Differential Gene Expression Profiles between Sensitive and Resistant Breast Cancer Cells to Adriamycin by cDNA Microarray: Myung-Ju Ahn, Ki-Hwan Lee, Joon-Ik Ahn, Dong-Hyun Yu, Hye-Sook Lee, Jung-Hye Choi, Joung Soon Jang, Jong Min Bae, Yong-Sung Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(1):43-49. Published online February 29, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.1.43

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Adriamycin® is one of the most commonly used drugs in the treatment of breast cancer. This study was performed to understand the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer cells.

Materials and Methods

We have analyzed the MCF-7 breast cell line and its adriamycin-resistant variants, MCF-7/ADR using human 10 K element cDNA microarrays.

Results

We defined 68 genes that were up-regulated (14 genes) or down-regulated (54 genes) in adriamycin resistant breast cancer cells. Several genes, such as G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5, phospholipase A2, guanylate cyclase 1, vimentin, matrix metalloproteinase 1 are up-regulated in drug resistant cells. Several genes, such as interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27, forkhead box M1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6, regulator of mitotic spindle assembly 1 and tumor necrosis factor superfamily are down-regulated in adriamycin resistant cells. The altered expression of genes observed in microarray was verified by RT-PCR.

Conclusion

These findings show that cDNA microarray analysis can be used to obtain gene expression profiles reflecting the effect of anticancer drugs on breast cancer cells. Such data may lead to the assigning of signature expression profiles of drug-resistant tumors which may help predict responses to drugs and assist in the design of tailored therapeutic regimens to overcome drug resistance.

Citations

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Expressions of Multidrug Resistance-Related Genes in Gastric Cancer Tissue and Normal Gastric Mucosal Tissue: Seok Hun Song, Sang Woon Kim, Sun Kyo Song, Joon Hyuk Choi, Jeoung Hee Ha, Kyung Hee Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(4):302-308. Published online August 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.4.302

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was conducted to evaluate the expressions of the mdr1 gene and the MRP gene in tumor and adjacent normal gastric tissues.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The specimens were obtained from 53 patients who had gastric cancer. None of these patients had received any kind of preoperative chemotherapy. The reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical stain were used to check the level of expressions of mRNAs and their associated proteins.
RESULTS
Highly positive expressions of mdr1 mRNA, MRP mRNA, p-glycoprotein, and MRP (multidrug resistance associated protein) were observed in the tumor and the adjacent normal tissues. Most tumor tissues coexpressed mdr1 mRNA and MRP mRNA significantly (p<0.001). The expression of these genes in the tumor was much stronger than in the normal counterpart tissues. The expression of the p-glycoprotein was correlated only with the pathological stage (p<0.05). MRP expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Normal gastric tissue showed strong physiologic expressions of the mdr1 and MRP genes. Overexpressions of these genes were observed in gastric cancer tissue. The presence of multidrug resistance should be considered when planning anticancer chemotherapy for treating gastric cancer.

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Clinicopathologic Significance of Multidrug Resistance Protein Expression in Patients with Stage III Gastric Adendegrees Carcinoma: Sae Hyun Kim, Wan Ku Lee, Hyun Kim, Young Nam Kim, Seung Min Park, Su Jin Choi, Hyo Suk Park, Myung Jin Joo, Kwang Min Lee, Jong Myung Lee, Sung Hye Shin, Min Chul Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(3):487-496.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We wanted to determine the prognostic significance of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and multi drug resistance-assdegrees Ciated protein (MRP) in stage III gastric adendegrees Carcinoma by evaluating whe ther the Pgp and/or MRP expression correlate with various clinicopathological parameters and survival rates. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The expression of Pgp and/or MRP were studied immunohistdegrees Chemi cally by ABC method with paraffin-embedded tissue specimens which were surgically obtained from 64 cases of stage III gastric adendegrees Carcinomas at the Department of Surgery, Presbyterian Medical Center from 1991 to 1992. Statistical differences of both expression in various factors including survival rates and clinicopatholgical parameters were sought.
RESULTS
Expression rates of Pgp and MRP group were 50.0% and 43.7% respectively. There was no significant correlation between expression of two proteins and various clinicopathological variables such as age, sex, stage, tumor depth, number of metastatic node, tumor size, site and method of operation. However, in case of the degree of differenciation, the expression of Pgp and/or MRP was significantly greater in well differenciated adendegrees Carcinoma than in poorly dif ferenciated adendegrees Carcinoma (p=0.001, p=0.012). Statistically, no significant correlations between the expression of Pgp and/or MRP and overall survival rates were found.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the Pgp and/or MRP expression in patients with stage III gastric adendegrees Carcinomas are not useful in determining postoperative chemotherapy and as an independent predictor of survival.

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Drug Resistance to 5 - Fluorouracil and Overexpression of Thymidylate Synthase mRNA in Human Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Tae You Kim, Baek Yeol Ryoo, Yung Hyuck Im, Yoon Koo Kang, Sang Jae Lee, Yung Jue Bang, Noe Kyeong Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(1):44-52.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The cytotoxicity by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is mediated by inhibition of thymi- dylate synthase (TS), which is a rate-limiting enzyme for DNA synthesis. To test whether the resistance to 5-FU would be associated with cellular TS activity, we analyzed TS gene expression from human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We established the experimental conditions for quantitating TS mRNA expression by competitive RT-PCR using mimic DNA. Based on this method, we compared TS mRNA expression between 5-FU resistant cell line and parent cell line and investigated the expression of TS mRNA following 5-FU administration in 6 human gas- trointestinal cancer cell lines.
RESULTS
Competitive RT-PCR using mimic DNA seemed to be more effective than Northern blot analysis for quantitation of TS gene expression. The quantity of TS mRNA and IC50 value of 5-FU in 5-FU resistant H630 was found to be 2.5 and 10 times higher than in parent cell line, respectively. And also, we observed linear relationship between TS mRNA level and IC50 value of 5-FU (r 0.76) in 6 gastrointestinal cancer cell lines.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that overexpression of TS mRNA may play a role in the development of 5-FU resistance in human gastrointestinal malignancies

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Effects of New Nultidrug - Resistance Reversing Agent, KR-30035, on Tumoral Uptake of Tc-99m MIBI In-vitro and In-vivo: Ihn Ho Cho, Jaetae Lee, Jang Soo Suh, Byung Ho Lee, Sang Woon Choi, Sang Kyun Sohn, Chong Ock Lee, Sung Eun Yoo, June Key Chung, Kyu Bo Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(4):773-783.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Verapamil is one of the most extensively characterized modulators of P-glyco- protein (P-gp) mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR), but its plasma concentration required to reverse MDR can cause cardiovascular toxicity. KR-30035 is a newly synthesized verapamil analogue with more potent cytostatic effects, but has lower cardiovascular effects than verapamil. We have assessed the MDR reversing effects of KR-30035 by measuring Tc-99m MIBI uptake in cultured tumor cells and in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In-vitro uptake of Tc-99m MIBI was measured in murine leukemia cells (L-1210) and those MDR-positive variants after incubation with different concentrations of KR-30035. Results were compared to those with verapamil. Organ and tumoral uptake of Tc-99m MIBI was compared between P-gp (+) human colon cancer (HCT15 cells) and P-gp (-) lung cancer (A549 cells) in nude mice, treated with either KR-30035 or verapamil.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in in-vitro uptake of Tc-99m MIBI between verapamil and KR-30035 group at any concentrations. MIBI uptake in P-gp (+) cells continuously increased either with verapamil or KR-30035 in a dose-dependent manner. Tc-99m MIBI uptake ratios of the tumor [P-gp (+' tumor uptake divided by P-gp (-) uptake] were significantly higher with KR-30035 than with verapamil in tumor bearing nude mice. Washout rate of Tc-99m MIBI from P-gp (+) HCT15 cells was lower in verapamil or KR-30035 groups than in the control group, which was 0.19, 0.19 and 0.27 respectively.
CONCLUSION
These studies revealed that KR-30035 can potentially be used as an active modulator of MDR, with its significantly lesser cardiovascular toxicity than verapamil. Our results warrants further evaluation of this novel agent.

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Expression of Multidrug Resistant Genes in Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Myeloid Leukemia: Seok Goo Cho, Il Ho Yang, Hyeon Seok Eom, Chang Gi Min, Hee Je Kim, Dong Wook Kim, Jong Wook Lee, Chi Wha Han, Woo Sung Min, Won Il Kim, Chun Choo Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(1):153-164.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Multidrug resistance mediated by several drug resistant genes impedes the successful outcome of anti-cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated the expressions of drug resistant genes encoding multidrug resistance (MDR1), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), topoisomerase I (Topo I), topoisomerase II g (Topo II a) in narmal volunteers (n=12) in and patients with myeloid leukemia (n=34). Material and Method: We compared the levels of their transcripts in bone matrow mononuclear cells by semiquantitative RT-PCR. The amount of specific transcripts was represented as the optical density ratio of PCR product of target gene to that of B2- microglobulin (MG). Twenty patients of acute myelogenous leukemia (eight in remission state, twelve in refractory) and fourteen patients of chronic myelogenous leukemia (nine in chronic phase and five in blastic crisis) were examined. Twelve normal healthy persons were compared with leukemic patients.
RESULTS
The expression levels of all resistant genes in normal volunteers were relatively high as those of AML patients. Regardless of the disease status including remission status of AML (complete remission versus refractory) and the phase of CML (chronic phase versus blastic phase), the expression levels of all resistant genes in patients with CML were significantly lower than in the patients with AML (p < 0.05). Of interest, the patients with refractary AML did not show any statistical difference in comparison with normal controls and even the patients with AML in complete remission. Among the four drug resistant genes, the optical density ratio of MDRl was significantly lower than that of any other genes (p<0.05). Using HL-60 cell line, we compared the changes of various resistant gene expressions before and after differentiation induced by dimethylsulfoxide. The expressions of resistant genes declined in paralle1 with granulocytic differentiation, suggesting that the induction of cell differentiation might make leukemic cells susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents.
CONCLUSION
It is impossibble to explain the mechanism of drug resistance by comparing the level of drug resistant gene expression between nonnal subjects and patients with myeloid leukemias. Therefore, we suppose that longitudinal study of drug resistant gene expression is necessary to demonstrate the development of drug resistant during chemotherapy.

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TGFbeta1 Effect on Survival of Anticancer Drug - resistant L1210 Sublines: Sung Yong Kim, Kyung Sub Lee, Jae Ryong Kim, Jeong Hee Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(5):1005-1013.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The inhibitory effect of TGFbeta1 on survivals of L1210 and anticancer drug- resistant L1210 sublines was investigated and the gene expression of TGFbeta1 in these cells was examined.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The survivals of L1210, adriamycin-resistant(L1210AdR), vincristine-resistant(L1210VcR) or cisplatin-resistant(L1210Cis) cells were measured by MTT assay after treatment of TGFbeta1. Northern analysis was performed for TGFbeta1 gene expression in L1210, L1210AdR, L1210VcR or L1210Cis.
RESULTS
There was no different survival ratio between two groups, control and TGFbeta1(10 ng/ml) treated groups in L1210 cells. However, the survival ratio of L1210AdR was 59% in TGFbeta1 treated group for 96 hours. The survival ratio of L1210VcR was 61% for 96 hours in TGFbeta1 treated group. The survival ratio of L1210Cis was 40% for 96 hours in TGFbeta1 treated group. Expressions of TGFbeta1 gene in drug-resistant sublines were significantly decreased than that of L1210 cells.
CONCLUSION
Growth of anticancer drug-resistant L1210 sublines were inhibited by TGFbeta1 but not in L1210 cells. So, it is suggested that TGFbeta1 gene expression may have a part in anticancer drug-resistance.

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Differential Mucin Gene Expression Associated with Methotrexate Resistance of Human Colonic Adenocarcinoma Cell Line, HT29: Bong Hwa Lee, Young S Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(6):977-983.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
In normal tissue, MUC2 mucin gene is expressed predominantly in goblet cells, while MUC3 is expressed in both goblet cells and columnar absorptive cells of small intestine and colon. MUC5 mucin genes are expressed predominantly in the surface epithelial cells, while MUC6 is expressed mainly in the mucus neck cells of gastric glands and pyloric glands of stomach. In this paper, we determined any changes of mucin in drug-resistant cell lines from those parental cells, and we evaluated the altered regulation of mucin production in drug-resistant cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the study of 17 day postconfluent parental HT29 (HT29) and methotrexate-resistant HT29 (HT29-MTX) colon cancer cell lines were examined for the expression of MUC2, 3, 5 and 6 mucin polypeptide (apomucin) by Northern blot and slot blot analysis, and also by immunoblot analysis.
RESULTS
The level of MUC2 expression was unchanged, while there was increase in MUC3 expression in HT29-MTX compared to HT29. Interestingly there was a marked increase in the expression of MUC5 mRNA in HT29-MTX. The densitometric readings expressed as HT29-MTX/HT29 at 17th day after the cells were confluent are MUC2 (1.1), MUC3 (1.3), MUC5 (>70), MUC6 (1.0) with RNA slot blot. Immunoblot analysis was consistent with these data.
CONCLUSION
Marked induction in MUC5 but not MUC6 gastric mucin gene was found in MTX resistance in HT29 colon cancer cells. The possible biological consequences of altered regulation of mucin genes in drug resistant colon cancer cells require further investigation.

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Reversal of ( MDR ) Multidrug resistance ) in Adiamycin - Resistant MCF - 7 Cells by Tamoxifen : Possible Role of Protedin Kinase ( PCK ): Han Lim Moon, Hoon Kyo Kim, Kyung Shik Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1994;26(2):242-249.

Abstract PDF: Introduction: MDR(multidrug resistance), which is caused by mdr gene and its product, p-gly- coprotein, is one of the most important obstacles during cancer chemtherapy. Recently, many efforts to reverse MDR have been done and partly applied in clinic. Verapamil, quinidine, dipyridamole and cyclosporine were the representative ones and tamoxifen and toremifene have been known as those kinds. On the other hand, protein kinase c(PKC) has a critical role in cell proliferation and differentiation and also associated with MDR. Using wild type and adriamycin-resistant type of MCF-7(MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/ADM), we found antiestrogen, tamoxifen, had a synergistic cytotoxic effect with adriamycin on MCF-7/ADM, not on MCF-1/ WT. We also tried to clarify the mechanisms of synergism of tamoxifen with adriamycin, espe- cially in the viewpoint of drug uptake and PKC activity. Results: IC of adriamycin-cytotoxicity on MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/ADM was 0.2 ug/ml and 2 ug/ml, respectively. Tamoxifen moved IC of adriamycin-cytotoxicity of left in a dose-dependent manner in MCF-7/ADM, and 10 pM concentration of tamoxifen made IC 0.2 pg/ml in that cell line, which was very similar to IC in MCF-7/WT. But tamoxifen did not have synergistic cytotoxicity with adriamycin on MCF-7/WT. In drug efflux study with C14-adriamycin, tamoxifen enhanced drug uptake more than 200% in MCF-7/ADM although it markedly decreased when tamoxifen was added. There was no difference in baseline PKC activity and degree of dose-dependent inhibition on PKC activity by adriamycin in those two cell lines. Canclusion; Tamoxifen is thought to be as one of the plausible agents to reverse MDR in breast cancer. The possible mechanisms are to increase cellular uptake of adriamycin and to inhibit PKC activity.

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Reversal Effect of Antihistamines on Multidrug Resistance in Adriamycin - and Vincristine - resistant L1210 Variants: Jae Ryong Kim, Sung Yong Kim, Jeong Hee Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1995;27(1):130-138.

Abstract PDF: Intrinsic or acquired antitumordrug resistance in cancer cells is one of the major obstacles in cancer chemotherapy. Especially multidrug resistance(MDR) refers to the phenomenon where-by cells previously exposed to a single drug become resistant, simultaneously, to a range of structually and functionally unrelated agents. It is very important to overcome the drug- resistance in cancer cells for the success of chemotherapy. In order to isolate an effective chemasensitizer to overcome the drug resistance, we exam- ined the reversal effects of nine antihistamines on multidrug resistance in an adriamycin or a vincristine-resistant L1210(L1210AdR or L1210VcR) sublines, which show typical multidrug resistant phenotypes. The in vitro partial restoration of adriamycin sensitivity in L1210AdR by treatment of nontoxic doses of antihistamines was observed in astemizole, buclizine, megitazine, cetirizine, and terfenadine, in the order of their effectiveness(high to low). The sensitivity of L1210AdR to adriamycin was enhanced 13 fold when 1 uM of astemizole was present, and 8 fold in the presence of 30 uM buclizine. Astemizole and buclizine enhanced also the sensitivity to vinblastine(1160 fold and 933 fold), dactinomycin(complete reversal and 9 fold), or vinblastine (30 fold and 5 fold) in L1210AdR. However, the sensitivity to the same drugs in Ll210VcR was slightly increased in the presence af 1 uM astemizole or 30 uM buclizine. From these results, astemizole or buclizine may be used as a chemosensitizer during cancer chemotherapy. The mechanism by which astemizole or buclizine can reverse the drug resistance in L1210AdR or L1210VcR will be studied.

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