Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Gastrointestinal cancer

Association of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines with Gastric Cancer Risk: A Case-Cohort Study: Seungju Baek, Eunjung Park, Eun Young Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):760-769. Published online November 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.718

Purpose
This study aimed to assess the association between inflammatory cytokines and the risk of gastric cancer (GC).
Materials and Methods
We conducted a case-cohort study using Korean National Cancer Center Community (KNCCC) cohort data to investigate the associations between pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and GC risk in the Korean general population (GC cases: n=159, subcohort: n=822). Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured using Quantikine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.
Results
Compared to those with the lowest serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, the risk of GC significantly increased in the second (hazard ratio [HR], 3.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73 to 6.99), third (HR, 3.74; 95% CI, 1.91 to 7.29), and fourth quartiles (HR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.93 to 7.48). Elevated levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.21) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (HR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.73 to 3.58) were also associated with an increased risk of GC.
Conclusion
The findings of this study indicate associations between pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and IFN-γ) and the risk of GC, suggesting that regulating these cytokine levels may aid in GC prevention.

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Inflammatory Cytokines and Oxidative Stress Markers in Relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Case–Cohort Study in a Korean Population
Eunjung Park, Seungju Baek, Jin-Kyoung Oh, Min Kyung Lim, Eun Young Park
Cancers.2026; 18(3): 470. CrossRef
Serum pro-inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of gastric carcinoma
Le Ren, Jun Liu, Ya-Yun Xu, Zhen-Wang Shi
World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammation and detection: Rethinking the biomarker landscape in gastric cancer
Keykavous Parang, Koosha Paydary
World Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prognostic Role of Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, and Leptin Levels According to Breast Cancer Subtype: Young Ae Cho, Mi-Kyung Sung, Jee-Young Yeon, Jungsil Ro, Jeongseon Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(3):210-219. Published online September 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.3.210

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Inflammation within the tumor microenvironment has been reported to show an association with poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, the associations may differ according to breast cancer subtype. In this study, we investigated the association between inflammation-related markers and breast cancer recurrence according to patients' tumor subtypes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This prospective study included 240 patients who underwent surgery for management of newly diagnosed breast cancer. Levels of inflammation-related markers (interleukin [IL]-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], leptin, and adiponectin) were measured at diagnosis, and the associations between these markers and breast cancer recurrence during a six-year follow-up period were examined using the Kaplan-Meier statistical method.
RESULTS
Overall, inflammation-related markers showed no association with breast cancer recurrence. However, when data were stratified by tumor subtype, higher levels of some mediators showed an association with poor prognosis among patients with particular subtypes. Compared to patients without recurrence, patients with recurrence had higher levels of circulating IL-6 (p=0.024) and IL-8 (p=0.016) only among those with HER2- tumors and had higher levels of leptin (p=0.034) only among those with estrogen receptor (ER)+/progesterone receptor (PR)+ tumors. Results of survival analyses revealed an association of high levels of IL-6 (p=0.016) and IL-8 (p=0.022) with poor recurrence-free survival in patients with HER2- tumors. In addition, higher leptin levels indicated shorter recurrence-free survival time only among patients with ER+/PR+ tumors (p=0.022).
CONCLUSION
We found that certain cytokines could have a differential prognostic impact on breast cancer recurrence according to breast cancer subtype. Conduct of additional large studies will be required in order to elucidate the precise roles of these cytokines in breast cancer progression.

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Citations to this article as recorded by

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Heterogeneity of Lymphokine - Activated Killer Cell Response: Sung Kee Jo, Hae Sun Moon, Weon Seon Hong, Yeon Sook Yun; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1990;22(1):14-24.

Abstract PDF: This study examined the heterogeneity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in terms of phenotype of precursors and effectors, generation pathways, and cellular, lymphokine, phar- macological regulators involved in endogenous and exogenous pathways. The serological phenotype of precursors and effectors of LAK cells against different target cells was not the same: LAK cells against HFL/b(H-2b) could be derived from Thyl, CD4, CD4 CD8, and AsGMl' cells, whereas precursor of LAK cells against P815 cells(H-2d) could be Thyl+, CD4, CD8+, and AsGM1+ cells. Effectors of LAK cells against HFL/b were Thy1+, CD8- cells but LAK cells against P815 were Thy1+, CD8 cells. LAK cells were generated in different pathways: (a) the endogenous pathway in which LAK cells were generated by culturing splenocytes with syngeneic peritoneal macrophages and indomethacin, and (h) the exogenous pathway in which LAK cells were generated by culturing splenocytes with exogenous interleukin-2(IL-2). Depletion of Thy1+, CD4+, AsGM1+ cells from splenocytes suppressed endogenous LAK cell generation, whereas depletion of Thyl+, AsGM1+ cells, not CD4+ cells, suppressed exogenous LAK cell generation against HFL/b. IA+ macrophages and CD4+ T cells were the ancillary cells that were responsible for producing lymphokines in endogenous pathways. Regarding cytokine requirement, interleukin-4 (IL-4) synergized with IL-2 to induce LAK cells both in endogenous and exogenous pathways. Interferon a, B(lIFN a, B) had no effect both in endogenous and exogenous pathways. Interferon r(IFN r) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) suppressed endogenous LAK cell generation but had no effect in exogenous pathway. Our study demonstrated that LAK cells are heterogeneous both in precursors and effectors, and different cellular, lymphokine, pharmacological regulators might be involved in the generation of efficient LAK cells in endogenous and exogenous pathways.

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신피막하 종양이식 분석법에 의한 부인과악성 종야의 화학감수성 검사에 관한 연구: Soon Beom Kang, Kyeong Hoon Cho, Pil Ryang Lee, Seung Cheol Kim, Young Min Choi, Hyo Pyo Lee, Dong Geun Chung, Noe Kyeong Kim, Jae Gahb Park, Seong Hoe Park; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1990;22(1):24-32.

Abstract PDF: The chemosensitivity testing is important in the research of cancer biology, development and screening of anticancer drug, and improvement of chemotherapy modalities. Subrenal capsule tumor implant assay (SRCA) is a promising rapid method in the selection of individual chemotherapy for cancer patients clinically. A total of 100 SRCA were performed with several gynecologic malignancies(69 cervical, 10 ovarian, 10 endometrial carcinomas, 6 vulva carcinoma, 4 sarcoma, and 1 choriocarcinoma). 1 mm x 1 mm x 1 mm fragments oi fresh human gynenologic tumors were implanted under the renal capsule of immunocompetent female adult BALB-C mice and tested against several chemotherapeutic agents or their combinations. An average of 75% of tumors showed positive growth. The evaluable assay rate was 91%(91/100). Variable response rate were noted in each gynenologic tumor. An overall predictive accuracy rate of SRCA was 73% in present series. In conclusion, the SRCA is considered as a reliable in vivo clinical chemosensitivity test in the selection of individual cancer chemotherapy.

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