Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Pediatric cancer

Gonadal Function in Female Adolescent and Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: Hye Young Jin, Jun Ah Lee, Meerim Park, Hyeon Jin Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):992-1000. Published online January 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1518

Purpose
Childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) are at risk for premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). The aim of this study is to evaluate ovarian function and associated health outcomes in female adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood cancer.
Materials and Methods
Sixty-nine female CCSs were enrolled. Medical records of CCSs were retrospectively reviewed. The subjects were categorized into three groups according to follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (cutoff, 12, 40 IU/L). Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) level less than 1 ng/mL was considered low AMH level.
Results
Of 69 subjects, 14 (20.3%) had POI and 14 (20.3%) had FSH levels between 12 and 40 IU/L. Forty-one of 69 (59.4%) had normal FSH levels. Pelvic irradiation and stem cell transplantation (SCT) were more frequently performed in subjects with POI (p=0.001 and p < 0.001). AMH levels were remarkably low when FSH levels were over 12 IU/L (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, cyclophosphamide equivalent dose and SCT were significant treatment factors for developing low AMH levels (p=0.005 and p=0.002, respectively). Total, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly different in three groups according to FSH levels (p=0.047, p=0.030, and p=0.045). Z-score of femur neck bone mineral density was significantly reduced when FSH levels were increased (p=0.011).
Conclusion
Gonadal dysfunction is common in CCSs. Gonadal function was associated with a few treatment factors known to increase the risk of POI. Regular monitoring of gonadal function is needed for better health outcomes.

Citations

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Evaluation of ovarian functions in girls treated for hematological malignancy
Şule Çalışkan Kamış, Begül Yağcı, Ayşe Selcan Koç, Metin Çil
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for benign and malignant haematologic and non-haematologic disorders on fertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Angela Vidal, Cristina Bora, Andrea Jarisch, Janna Pape, Susanna Weidlinger, Tanya Karrer, Michael von Wolff
Bone Marrow Transplantation.2025; 60(5): 645. CrossRef
Systematic Review of the Gonadotoxicity and Risk of Infertility of Soft Tissue Sarcoma Chemotherapies in Pre- and Postpubertal Females and Males
Marcel Steinmann, Anita Rietschin, Flavia Pagano, Tanya Karrer, Attila Kollár, Susanna Weidlinger, Michael von Wolff
Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology.2024; 13(6): 803. CrossRef
Bone Mineral Density in Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Lilly Velentza, Panagiotis Filis, Mari Wilhelmsson, Per Kogner, Nikolas Herold, Lars Sävendahl
Pediatrics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Epidemiology of Acute Leukemia among Children with Down Syndrome in Korea: Young Bae Choi, Keon Hee Yoo; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):572-578. Published online August 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.368

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Children with Down syndrome (DS) show a higher risk of acute leukemia than those without DS. In this study, we investigated the nationwide incidence of acute leukemia among children with DS and compared their epidemiologic characteristics with those of children with acute leukemia but without DS.
Materials and Methods
Using the National Health Insurance Service database, we selected patients with acute leukemia aged 0–19 years at diagnosis between 2007 and 2016.
Results
Among the 4,697 children with acute leukemia, 54 (1.1%) had DS. The median incidence rate of leukemia with DS by year was 1.3% (range, 0.2%–2.0%). Sixteen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; 29.6%) and 36 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 66.7%) had DS. The DS group showed younger age at diagnosis than the non-DS group, and diagnosis of AML was more frequent in the DS group than in the non-DS group (3 years vs. 9 years, p<0.001; 66.7% vs. 32.4%, P<0.001, respectively). The 5-year overall survival was comparable between the DS and non-DS groups (88.0% vs. 81.9%, p=0.375). Among all the Koreans born between 2007 and 2008, the incidences of acute leukemia, ALL, and AML were 49.25, 20.75, and 163.38 times higher, respectively, in the DS group than in the non-DS group.
Conclusion
Our findings support the fact that the incidence of acute leukemia is higher among patients with DS than among those without DS in Korea. However, the DS and non-DS groups in this study had a comparable overall survival rate.

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Cancer risks related to intellectual disabilities: A systematic review
Amina Banda, Jenneken Naaldenberg, Aura Timen, Agnies van Eeghen, Geraline Leusink, Maarten Cuypers
Cancer Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes of Childhood Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Korea: A Nationwide Multicenter Retrospective Study by Korean Pediatric Oncology Study Group: Kyung Mi Park, Keon Hee Yoo, Seong Koo Kim, Jae Wook Lee, Nack-Gyun Chung, Hee Young Ju, Hong Hoe Koo, Chuhl Joo Lyu, Seung Min Han, Jung Woo Han, Jung Yoon Choi, Kyung Taek Hong, Hyoung Jin Kang, Hee Young Shin, Ho Joon Im, Kyung-Nam Koh, Hyery Kim, Hoon Kook, Hee Jo Baek, Bo Ram Kim, Eu Jeen Yang, Jae Young Lim, Eun Sil Park, Eun Jin Choi, Sang Kyu Park, Jae Min Lee, Ye Jee Shim, Ji Yoon Kim, Ji Kyoung Park, Seom Gim Kong, Young Bae Choi, Bin Cho, Young Tak Lim; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(1):269-276. Published online April 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.313

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a rare disease in children and there are some different characteristics between children and adult. We aimed to evaluate incidence, clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pediatric APL in Korea.
Materials and Methods
Seventy-nine pediatric APL patients diagnosed from January 2009 to December 2016 in 16 tertiary medical centers in Korea were reviewed retrospectively.
Results
Of 801 acute myeloid leukemia children, 79 (9.9%) were diagnosed with APL. The median age at diagnosis was 10.6 years (range, 1.3 to 18.0). Male and female ratio was 1:0.93. Thirty patients (38.0%) had white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 10×10⁹/L at diagnosis. All patients received induction therapy consisting of all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy. Five patients (6.6%) died during induction chemotherapy and 66 patients (86.8%) achieved complete remission (CR) after induction chemotherapy. The causes of death were three intracranial hemorrhage, one cerebral infarction, and one sepsis. Five patients (7.1%) suffered a relapse during or after maintenance chemotherapy. The estimated 4-year event-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates were 82.1%±4.4%, 89.7%±5.1%, respectively. The 4-year OS was significantly higher in patients with initial WBC < 10×10⁹/L than in those with initial WBC ≥ 10×10⁹/L (p=0.020).
Conclusion
This study showed that the CR rates and survival outcomes in Korean pediatric APL patients were relatively good. The initial WBC count was the most important prognostic factor and most causes of death were related to serious bleeding in the early stage of treatment.

Citations

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Management of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia at Extremes of Age
Sabine Kayser, Shannon E. Conneely
Cancers.2023; 15(14): 3637. CrossRef
Current Challenges of Asian National Children's Cancer Study Groups on Behalf of Asian Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Group
Chi-kong Li, Purna Kurkure, Ramandeep Singh Arora, Bow Wen Chen, Kirill Kirgizov, Yasuhiro Okamoto, Panya Seksarn, Yongmin Tang, Keon Hee Yoo, Bharat Agarwal, Godfrey C.F. Chan, Rashmi Dalvi, Hiroki Hori, Muhammad Saghir Khan, Alice Yu, Akira Nakagawara
JCO Global Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia in a pediatric cancer referral center in Baghdad, Iraq. Improved results with ATRA extended consolidation
Anna Maria Testi, Mazin Faisal Al-Jadiry, Hasanein Habeeb Ghali, Samaher Abdulrazzaq Fadhil, Amir Fadhil Al-Darraji, Raghad Majid Al-Saeed, Ahmed Hatem Sabhan, Safaa A. Faraj Al-Badri, Wisan Majeed Abed, Najiha Ahmed Ameen, Ruaa Zaki Al-Tameemi, Arabiya I
Leukemia & Lymphoma.2022; 63(12): 2940. CrossRef
Death due to unsuspected acute myeloid leukaemia: an unusual forensic diagnosis
Lila Krebs-Drouot, Georgia Karpathiou, Virginie Scolan, Carolyne Bidat-Callet, Baptiste Boyer, Michel Péoc’h
Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology.2022; 19(1): 60. CrossRef
Successful Treatment of Isolated Central Nervous System Relapse with Intrathecal Chemotherapy in an Adolescent with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Haerim Song, Eun Sang Yi
Clinical Pediatric Hematology-Oncology.2022; 29(2): 70. CrossRef

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Risk Factor Analysis for Secondary Malignancy in Dexrazoxane-Treated Pediatric Cancer Patients: Hyery Kim, Hyoung Jin Kang, Kyung Duk Park, Kyung-Nam Koh, Ho Joon Im, Jong Jin Seo, Jae Wook Lee, Nack-Gyun Chung, Bin Cho, Hack Ki Kim, Jae Min Lee, Jeong Ok Hah, Jun Ah Lee, Young Ho Lee, Sang Kyu Park, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook, Ji Yoon Kim, Heung Sik Kim, Hwang Min Kim, Hee Won Chueh, Meerim Park, Hoi Soo Yoon, Mee Jeong Lee, Hyoung Soo Choi, Hyo Seop Ahn, Yoshifumi Kawano, Ji Won Park, Seokyung Hahn, Hee Young Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):357-367. Published online May 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.457

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Dexrazoxane has been used as an effective cardioprotector against anthracycline cardiotoxicity. This study intended to analyze cardioprotective efficacy and secondary malignancy development, and elucidate risk factors for secondary malignancies in dexrazoxane-treated pediatric patients.
Materials and Methods
Data was collected from 15 hospitals in Korea. Patients who received any anthracyclines, and completed treatment without stem cell transplantation were included. For efficacy evaluation, the incidence of cardiac events and cardiac event-free survival rates were compared. Data about risk factors of secondary malignancies were collected.
Results
Data of total 1,453 cases were analyzed; dexrazoxane with every anthracyclines group (D group, 1,035 patients) and no dexrazoxane group (non-D group, 418 patients). Incidence of the reported cardiac events was not statistically different between two groups; however, the cardiac event-free survival rate of patients with more than 400 mg/m² of anthracyclines was significantly higher in D group (91.2% vs. 80.1%, p=0.04). The 6-year cumulative incidence of secondary malignancy was not different between both groups after considering follow-up duration difference (non-D, 0.52%±0.37%; D, 0.60%±0.28%; p=0.55). The most influential risk factor for secondary malignancy was the duration of anthracycline administration according to multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
Dexrazoxane had an efficacy in lowering cardiac event-free survival rates in patients with higher cumulative anthracyclines. As a result of multivariate analysis for assessing risk factors of secondary malignancy, the occurrence of secondary malignancy was not related to dexrazoxane administration.

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Hongyang Gong, Ming Gao, Zhiwen Zeng
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Exploring the effects of topoisomerase II inhibitor XK469 on anthracycline cardiotoxicity and DNA damage
Veronika Keresteš, Jan Kubeš, Lenka Applová, Petra Kollárová, Olga Lenčová-Popelová, Iuliia Melnikova, Galina Karabanovich, Mushtaq M Khazeem, Hana Bavlovič-Piskáčková, Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková, Caroline A Austin, Jaroslav Roh, Martin Štěrba, Tomáš Šimůn
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Circ-0006332 stimulates cardiomyocyte pyroptosis via the miR-143/TLR2 axis to promote doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage
Ping Zhang, Yuanyuan Liu, Yuliang Zhan, Pengtao Zou, Xinyong Cai, Yanmei Chen, Liang Shao
Epigenetics.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pediatric Cardio-Oncology: Screening, Risk Stratification, and Prevention of Cardiotoxicity Associated with Anthracyclines
Xiaomeng Liu, Shuping Ge, Aijun Zhang
Children.2024; 11(7): 884. CrossRef
Efficacy of Dexrazoxane in Cardiac Protection in Pediatric Patients Treated With Anthracyclines
Parya Rahimi, Behsheed Barootkoob, Ahmed ElHashash, Arun Nair
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Wooil Choi, Woo-Ri Shin, Yang-Hoon Kim, Jiho Min
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2023; 15(35): 41258. CrossRef
Circulating Biomarkers for Monitoring Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Children
Luigia Meo, Maria Savarese, Carmen Munno, Peppino Mirabelli, Pia Ragno, Ornella Leone, Mariaevelina Alfieri
Pharmaceutics.2023; 15(12): 2712. CrossRef
Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Link of Chemotherapy-Related Endothelium Impairment
Ashot Avagimyan
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Eric J. Chow, Richard Aplenc, Lynda M. Vrooman, David R. Doody, Yuan‐Shung V. Huang, Sanjeev Aggarwal, Saro H. Armenian, K. Scott Baker, Smita Bhatia, Louis S. Constine, David R. Freyer, Lisa M. Kopp, Wendy M. Leisenring, Barbara L. Asselin, Cindy L. Schw
Cancer.2022; 128(4): 788. CrossRef
Primary cardioprotection with dexrazoxane in patients with childhood cancer who are expected to receive anthracyclines: recommendations from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group
Esmée C de Baat, Elvira C van Dalen, Renée L Mulder, Melissa M Hudson, Matthew J Ehrhardt, Frederike K Engels, Elizabeth A M Feijen, Heynric B Grotenhuis, Jan M Leerink, Livia Kapusta, Gertjan J L Kaspers, Remy Merkx, Luc Mertens, Roderick Skinner, Wim J
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Cardiotoxicity After Anthracycline Chemotherapy for Childhood Cancer in a Multiethnic Asian Population
Varen Zhi Zheng Tan, Nicole Min Chan, Wai Lin Ang, Soe Nwe Mya, Mei Yoke Chan, Ching Kit Chen
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Adriana Linares Ballesteros, Roy Sanguino Lobo, Juan Camilo Villada Valencia, Oscar Arévalo Leal, Diana Constanza Plazas Hernández, Nelson Aponte Barrios, Iván Perdomo Ramírez
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Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships of Dexrazoxane Analogs Reveals Topoisomerase IIβ Interaction as a Prerequisite for Effective Protection against Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity
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A Study of the Survival Rate of Childhood Cancer in Korea: Mi Hwa Yang, Song Hyeun Eun, Chan Sook Park, Jin A Son, Jae Yun Kim, Jae Wook Ko, Don Hee Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(3):191-198. Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.3.191

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
It is known that the prognosis of childhood cancer is relatively good, however actual representative nationwide data on childhood cancer, particularly of survival rate, are rare. In this study we attempted to establish the overall survival rate of major childhood cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The primary source of data of childhood cancer under 15 years of age were the registry files of the Central Cancer Registry Report (Ministry of Health & Welfare) from 1993 to 1997. The above data was compared to death case data files of the same period obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office using the personal identification code. We calculated the 1, 3, and 5 year survival rates using the life table of SPSS and Kaplan-Meier method and compared the survival rate of disease according to prognostic factors.
RESULTS
A total of 6,720 cases of pediatric cancer from the Central Cancer Registry files were computerized and sorted by personal identification (ID) code to extract duplicated cases as well as cases with incomplete data. The final number of cases entered in this study was 4,983. 1) The number of confirmed death cases was 1,448 (29.1%). 2) The disease distribution showed that the most common pediatric cancer was leukemia (1,468/4,983, 29%), followed by brain tumors (503/4,983, 10%), lymphoma (315/4,983, 6%), Wilms tumor (165/4,983, 3%), etc. in order by number of patients. 3) The 5 year survival rate of disease was as follows: overall 62%, acute lymphocytic leukemia 61%, acute non-lymphocytic leukemia 32%, malignant lymphoma 72%, neuroblastoma 47%, medulloblastoma 51%, Astrocytoma 66%, Wilms tumor 83%, etc.
CONCLUSION
We analyzed and report the 5 year survival rate of overall childhood cancer and of each of the twelve major childhood cancers from in Korea 1993 to 1997 to provide basic data on childhood cancer statistics.

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Outcome of Reinduction Chemotherapy with a Modified Dose of Idarubicin for Children with Marrow-Relapsed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of the Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (CALL)-0603 Study
Kyung-Nam Koh, Ho Joon Im, Hyery Kim, Hyoung Jin Kang, Kyung Duk Park, Hee Young Shin, Hyo Seop Ahn, Ji Won Lee, Keon Hee Yoo, Ki Woong Sung, Hong Hoe Koo, Young Tak Lim, Jun Eun Park, Byung-Kiu Park, Hyeon Jin Park, Jong Jin Seo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(4): 642. CrossRef
Inequalities in childhood cancer mortality according to parental socioeconomic position: A birth cohort study in South Korea
Mia Son, Jongoh Kim, Juhwan Oh, Ichiro Kawachi
Social Science & Medicine.2011; 72(1): 108. CrossRef
Korean Pediatric/Adolescent Lymphoma - Incidence and Pathologic Characteristics -
Seung-Sook Lee, Jin-Man Kim, Young-Hyeh Ko, Jooryung Huh, Chang Suk Kang, Chul Woo Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Jai Hyang Go, Min Kyung Kim, Wan-Seop Kim, Yoon Jung Kim, Hyun-Jung Kim, Hee Kyung Kim, Jong Hee Nam, Hyung Bae Moon, Chan-Kum Park, Tae In Park, Young
The Korean Journal of Pathology.2010; 44(2): 117. CrossRef
Clinical Results of Chemotherapy based Treatment in Retinoblastoma Patients: A Single Center Experience
Hyery Kim, Ji Won Lee, Hyoung Jin Kang, Hyeon Jin Park, Yoon Yi Kim, Hee Young Shin, Young Suk Yu, Il Han Kim, Hyo Seop Ahn
Cancer Research and Treatment.2008; 40(4): 164. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic Features and Treatment Outcomes in Malignant Lymphoma of Pediatric and Young Adult Patients in Korea: Comparison of Korean All-Ages Group and Western Younger Age Group
In Gyu Hwang, Keon Hee Yoo, Soo Hyun Lee, Yeon Hee Park, Tae Kyu Lim, Sang Cheol Lee, Sara Park, Byeong-Bae Park, Young Hyeh Ko, Kihyun Kim, Hong Hoe Koo, Won Seog Kim
Clinical Lymphoma and Myeloma.2007; 7(9): 580. CrossRef

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Geographical Variations in the Incidence of Childhood Cancer: Duk Hee Lee, Hai Rim Shin, Kang Weon Park, Yoon Ok Ahn; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(3):425-434.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The incidence of childhood cancer in the Korea was studied to compare incidence rates between countries and between different regions in Korea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A tatal of 2,891 cases, registered in the Natinal Cancer Registy from 1993 to 1995, were analysied. Death Certificate Only(DCO) cases were not included. DCO % was estimated about 22%. We calculated the incidence rates according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The age-standardized rates by diagnostic group was compared with those of other countries. The total incidence of childhood cancer were compared among 34 cities in Korea with the rates in the rest of the nation.
RESULTS
The crude incidence of all childhood cancer was 94.1 per million. The cumulative incidence to age 15 was 0.137% and the age-standardized rate, calculated using the world standard population, was 96.1 per million. In the incidence rates by diagnostic group, we observed many similarities with other countries in East Asia. The age-standardized rates of E, F and AL cities were significantly higher(p<0.05). In the 0-4 age group, F, AL and BB cities showed higher rates(p<0.05). In 5~9 years and 10~14 years, F city only had higher rates(p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Further study will be needed in order to investigate possible environmental factors which may account for the regional variations.

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A Study on the Significance of Peripheral T-lymphocyte Subsets and Mitogen-induced Lymphocyte Prolicaraction in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Childhood: Sang Hyun Byun, Jong Jin Seo, Young Hun Chung; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1990;22(2):257-267.

Abstract PDF: To evaluate the relationship between peripheral blood T-lymphocyte subsets, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and the outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood, the authors studied 15 cases of acute Iymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. The results were as follows: 1 I Percent peripheral lymphocyte and percent CDS+ cells showed no significant difference between total patient group and control group, while percent CD4+ cells was significantly decreased in total patient group compared to control group. But no significant difference was found between patient subgroups 2) Total counts of CD4+ cells and CD8+cells showed no significant difference between patient subgroups. 3) The ratio of CD4+cells and CDB+ cells showed no significant difference between patient subgroups, but more cases with the ratio less than 1.0 were found among total patient group compared to control group. 4) The stimulation indices of PHA and Con-A were significantly decreased in total patient group (p<0.05, p<0.005) compared to control group, but no significant difference was observed between patient subgroups. 5) The unstimulated 3[H]-thymidine uptake showed no significant relationship between patient subgroups. 6) The distribution of T-lymphocyte subsets showed no significant relationship with the stimula- tion index of PHA and Con-A. These results showed that the children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have depressed cellular immune functions tested with T-lymphocvte subsets and mitagen-induced lymphocyte proliferation assay. But these results can not be regarded as one of prognostic factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood unless there are additional longterm data indicating the T-cell mediated immune functions are related to the outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood.

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Effect of Filgrastim ( rhG - CSF ) on Chemotherapy Induced Neutropenia in Pediatric Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Patients: Hee Young Shin, Hee Young Shin, Seong Hoon Hah, Hong Hoe Koo, Hyo Seop Ahn; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1994;26(1):136-144.

Abstract PDF: To determine the safety and efficacy of rhG-CSF on chemotherapy induced neutropenia in pediatric AML patients, we conducted a prospective controlled study in 17 patiens with AML at Seoul National University Childrens Hospital from July, 1993 to January, 1994. High dose cytosine arabinoside(Ara-C, 3gm/m for four times every 12 hours) with L-asparaginase 6,000 u/m) were given to 13 patients as Group I control and after the recovery of WBC, same chemo- therapy followed by G-CSF(50 ug/m for 10 days) were given as Group I study. In Group II study, high dose Ara-C(3gm/m(2) for 8 times every 12 hours) were given to 11 patients with AML followed by G-CSF(150 ug/m for 10 days). Recovery of the absolute neutrophil counts to more than 1,000/mm' was significantly faster in the G-CSF group than in the control group(P< 0.01) and the absolute neutrophil counts on day 14 of chemotherapy was significantly higher in G-CSF group(P<0.01). The toxicity of G-CSF was minimal and there was no evidence of accel- erated growth of leukemic blasts during the G-CSF treatment. In conclusion, Filgrastim(rhG- CSF) promotes the recovery of neutrophils and shortens the duration of neutropenia induced by the chemotherapy in pediatric acute myelogenous leukemia.

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Effect of rhGM-CSF on the Chemotherapy - induced Neutropenia of Children with Solid Tumors: Jong Jin Seo, Sang Won Cha, Sang Mee Lee, Kyu Don Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1995;27(2):322-331.

Abstract PDF: To investigate the clinical effectiveness of recombinant human GM-CSF(rhGM-CSF; Leucogen) on the chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, twelve children with malignant solid tumor who had neutropenia after chemotherapy received 250 pg/M(2)/day of rhGM-CSF subcutaneouly for 10 consecutive days from the fifth day of next chemotherapy were schedule using the same rekimen. rhGM-CSF significantly increased leukocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil counts on the tenth day of GM-CSF course compared to the control course(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in the counts of monocyte, lymphocyte, platelet or hemoglobin(p>0.1). The nadir of leukocyte and neutrophil were significantly higher in GM-CSF course than those of control course (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in that of monocyte, lymphocyte, eo- sinophil, platelet or hemoglobin(P: 0.1). The duration of chemotherapy-induced leukopenia and neutropenia were decreased significantly in GM-CSF course than those of control course(P< 0.05). The duration of antibiotics administration and febrile period during chemotherapy were shorter in GM-CSF course without statistical significance. No significant side effect was observed during rhGM-CSF course. These results indicate that rhGM-CSF(Leucogen') is effective in alleviating the chemotherapy-induced neutropenia of children with malignant solid tumors.

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