Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Gastrointestinal cancer

Stage Evaluation of Cystic Duct Cancer: Yeseul Kim, You-Na Sung, Haesung Jung, Kyung Jin Lee, Daegwang Yoo, Sun-Young Jun, HyungJun Cho, Shin Hwang, Woohyung Lee, Seung-Mo Hong; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):528-538. Published online September 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.660

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Cystic duct cancers (CDCs) have been classified as extrahepatic bile duct cancers or gallbladder cancers (GBCs); however, it is unclear whether their clinical behavior is similar to that of distal extrahepatic bile duct cancers (DBDCs) or GBCs.
Materials and Methods
T category of the CDCs was classified using current T category scheme of the GBCs and DBDCs, and clinicopathological factors were compared among 38 CDCs, 345 GBCs, and 349 DBDCs. We modified Nakata’s classifications (type 1, confined within cystic duct [CD]; combined types 2-4, extension beyond CD) and compared them.
Results
No significant overall survival (OS) difference was observed between the patients with CDC, GBC, and DBDC. The T category of GBC staging was more accurate at distinguishing OS in patients with CDC than the DBDC staging. Patients with T3 CDC and GBC showed a significant OS difference when using the T category for GBC staging, while those with T1-T2 CDC and GBC showed no significant difference. In contrast, the T category of DBDC staging did not show any significant OS difference between patients with T1-T2 CDC and DBDC or T3 CDC and DBDC. Patients with type 1 CDC had significantly better OS than those with combined types.
Conclusion
Unlike GBCs and DBDCs, CDCs exhibit distinct clinicopathological characteristics. The OS is better when the CDC confines within the CD, compared to when it extends beyond it. Therefore, we propose a new T category scheme (T1, confined to CD; T2, invaded beyond CD) for better classifying CDCs.

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Clinical Outcomes of Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Yoo Na Lee, Min Kyu Sung, Dae Wook Hwang, Yejong Park, Bong Jun Kwak, Woohyung Lee, Ki Byung Song, Jae Hoon Lee, Changhoon Yoo, Kyu-Pyo Kim, Heung-Moon Chang, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Song Cheol Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1240-1251. Published online June 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.977

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Clinical outcomes of surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy have not been investigated for locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC), despite well-established outcomes in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer (BRPC). This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes of patients with LAPC who underwent curative resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma between January 2017 and December 2020.
Results
Among 1,358 patients, 260 underwent surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Among 356 LAPC patients, 98 (27.5%) and 147 (35.1%) of 418 BRPC patients underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Compared to resectable pancreatic cancer (resectable PC) with upfront surgery, both LAPC and BRPC exhibited higher rates of venous resection (28.6% vs. 49.0% vs. 4.0%), arterial resection (30.6% vs. 6.8% vs. 0.5%) and greater estimated blood loss (260.5 vs. 213.1 vs. 70.4 mL). However, hospital stay, readmission rates, and postoperative pancreatic fistula rates (grade B or C) did not differ significantly between LAPC, BRPC, and resectable PC. Overall and relapse-free survival did not differ significantly between LAPC and BRPC patients. The median overall survival was 37.3 months for LAPC and 37.0 months for BRPC. The median relapse-free survival was 22.7 months for LAPC and 26.0 months for BRPC.
Conclusion
Overall survival time and postoperative complications in LAPC patients who underwent curative resection following neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed similar results to those of BRPC patients. Further research is needed to identify specific sub-populations of LAPC patients who benefit most from conversion surgery and to minimize postoperative complications.

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Clinical outcomes of completing total pancreatectomy for isolated recurrence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the remnant pancreas after initial pancreatectomy
Yejong Park, Dae Wook Hwang, Jae Hoon Lee, Ki Byung Song, Eunsung Jun, Woohyung Lee, Song Cheol Kim
Surgery.2026; 192: 110088. CrossRef
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Current and Novel Approaches in the Management of Borderline Resectable and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Kelvin Le, Khang Duy Ricky Le, Wei Hong, Peter Gibbs, Osamu Yoshino, Belinda Lee
Cancers.2026; 18(7): 1139. CrossRef
Comparative survival outcomes of surgical resection versus radiotherapy after FOLFIRINOX in borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer
Jiwon Yu, Jeong Ha Lee, Hyunju Shin, Hee Chul Park, Joon Oh Park, Jung Yong Hong, Minsuk Kwon, Ji Eun Shin, Kyu Taek Lee, Kwang Hyuck Lee, Jong Kyun Lee, Joo Kyung Park, Young Hoon Choi, Jin Seok Heo, In Woong Han, Sang Hyun Shin, Hongbeom Kim, Ji Hye Min
Precision and Future Medicine.2026; 10(1): 39. CrossRef
Statistical cure fraction in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant therapy followed by radical resection: a secondary analysis of reconstructed individual patient data
Yong Hyun Jang, Ru Ri Lee, Yongkeun Park
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2025; 109(3): 162. CrossRef
Outcomes of conversion surgery following chemotherapy for initially unresectable metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a retrospective cohort study in Taiwan
Ping-Jui Su, Wei-Hsun Lu, Ting-Kai Liao, Chih-Jung Wang, Ying-Jui Chao, Yan-Shen Shan
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Survival Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Who Underwent Surgery Following Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX: So Heun Lee, Dae Wook Hwang, Changhoon Yoo, Kyu-pyo Kim, Sora Kang, Jae Ho Jeong, Dongwook Oh, Tae Jun Song, Sang Soo Lee, Do Hyun Park, Dong Wan Seo, Jin-hong Park, Ki Byung Song, Jae Hoon Lee, Woohyung Lee, Yejong Park, Bong Jun Kwak, Heung-Moon Chang, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Song Cheol Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):956-968. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.409

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy following curative-intent surgery in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients who had received neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX is unclear. This study aimed to assess the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy in this patient population.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective study included 218 patients with localized non-metastatic PDAC who received neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and underwent curative-intent surgery (R0 or R1) between January 2017 and December 2020. The association of adjuvant chemotherapy with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was evaluated in overall patients and in the propensity score matched (PSM) cohort. Subgroup analysis was conducted according to the pathology-proven lymph node status.
Results
Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 149 patients (68.3%). In the overall cohort, the adjuvant chemotherapy group had significantly improved DFS and OS compared to the observation group (DFS: median, 13.8 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 11.0 to 19.1] vs. 8.2 months [95% CI, 6.5 to 12.0]; p < 0.001; and OS: median, 38.0 months [95% CI, 32.2 to not assessable] vs. 25.7 months [95% CI, 18.3 to not assessable]; p=0.005). In the PSM cohort of 57 matched pairs of patients, DFS and OS were better in the adjuvant chemotherapy group than in the observation group (p < 0.001 and p=0.038, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy was a significant favorable prognostic factor (vs. observation; DFS: hazard ratio [HR], 0.51 [95% CI, 0.36 to 0.71; p < 0.001]; OS: HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.29 to 0.71; p < 0.001]).
Conclusion
Among PDAC patients who underwent surgery following neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX, adjuvant chemotherapy may be associated with improved survival. Randomized studies should be conducted to validate this finding.

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Prognostic factors in localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant therapy and resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ammar A Javed, Alyssar Habib, Omar Mahmud, Asad Saulat Fatimi, Mahip Grewal, Nabiha Mughal, Jin He, Christopher L Wolfgang, Lois Daamen, Marc G Besselink
JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute.2025; 117(5): 840. CrossRef
Chemotherapy hypersensitivity: Current insights and novel desensitization strategies
Gordon K.H. Chu, Andy K.C. Kan, James K.Y. Hooi, Hye-Ryun Kang, Philip H. Li
Journal of Allergy and Hypersensitivity Diseases.2025; 6: 100042. CrossRef
Radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer patients. Past and present: a review
M. A. Ilin, S. D. Trotsenko, M. V. Podolskaya
Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy.2025; 16(2): 20. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant Therapy for Resectable and Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer
Julia Groszewska, Michał Romaniuk, Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko
International Journal of Translational Medicine.2025; 5(4): 55. CrossRef
The survival effect of neoadjuvant therapy and neoadjuvant plus adjuvant therapy on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients with different TNM stages: a propensity score matching analysis based on the SEER database
Hao Hu, Yang Xu, Qiang Zhang, Yuan Gao, Zhenyu Wu
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy.2024; 24(6): 467. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Whom, when and how
Nebojsa Manojlovic, Goran Savic, Stevan Manojlovic
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 16(5): 1223. CrossRef
Case Study on Analysing the Early Disease Detection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in Korean Association for Clinical Oncology
Sijithra Ponnarassery Chandran, N. Santhi
American Journal of Clinical Oncology.2024; 47(10): 475. CrossRef
Evaluating the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with pancreatic cancer undergoing radical pancreatectomy after neoadjuvant therapy—a systematic review and meta-analysis
Jiahao Wu, Yike Zhang, Haodong Wang, Wenyi Guo, Chengqing Li, Yichen Yu, Han Liu, Feng Li, Lei Wang, Jianwei Xu
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Resected Ampulla of Vater Carcinoma: Retrospective Analysis of 646 Patients: Jwa Hoon Kim, Jae Ho Jeong, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Kyu-pyo Kim, Heung-Moon Chang, Dongwook Oh, Tae Jun Song, Sang Soo Lee, Dong Wan Seo, Sung Koo Lee, Myung-Hwan Kim, Yejong Park, Jae Woo Kwon, Dae Wook Hwang, Jae Hoon Lee, Woohyung Lee, Song Cheol Kim, Changhoon Yoo, Ki Byung Song; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(2):424-435. Published online November 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.953

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study evaluated the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) in patients with resected ampulla of Vater (AoV) carcinoma.
Materials and Methods
Data from 646 patients who underwent surgical resection at Asan Medical Center between 2000 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed.
Results
The median age of the patients was 62 years, and 54.2% were male. Patients were classified into AC group (n=165, 25.5%) and no AC group (n=481, 74.5%). With a median follow-up duration of 88 months, in patients with stage I, II, III, median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was not reached, 44 months, and 15 months, respectively, and the median overall survival (OS) were not reached, 88 months and 35 months, respectively. Despite no statistical significance, RFS and OS were better in stage II patients with AC than in those without AC (median RFS, 151 months vs. 38 months; p=0.156 and median OS, 153 months vs. 74 months; p=0.299). In multivariate analysis for RFS and OS, TNM stage, R1 resection status, presence of lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion remained significant factors, whereas AC (hazard ratio [HR], 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 1.00; p=0.052) was marginally related with RFS. After propensity score matching in only stage II/III patients, RFS and OS with AC were numerically longer than those without AC (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.60 to 1.06; p=0.116 and HR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.06; p=0.111).
Conclusion
AC with fluoropyrimidine did not improve survival of patients with resected AoV carcinoma. However, multivariate analysis with prognostic factors showed a marginally significant survival benefit with AC.

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FOLFIRINOX: The Best Adjuvant Treatment for Ampullary Adenocarcinoma? A Multicenter Study by the Turkish Oncology Group (TOG)
Ali Kalem, Tulay Kus, Taha Koray Sahin, Omer Dizdar, Safa Can Efil, Mehmet Ali Nahit Sendur, Talat Aykut, Murat Araz, Hatice Bolek, Yuksel Urun, Nadiye Sever, Ibrahim Vedat Bayoglu, Eyyup Cavdar, Muhammed Fatih Sagıroglu, Tugce Kubra Gunes, Melike Ozcelik
Cancers.2025; 17(17): 2730. CrossRef
Survival benefit of concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced ampulla of Vater cancer
Chae Hwa Kwon, Hyung Il Seo, Dong Uk Kim, Sung Yong Han, Suk Kim, Nam Kyung Lee, Seung Baek Hong, Ji Hyun Ahn, Young Mok Park, Byeong Gwan Noh
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2024; 12(2): 267. CrossRef
Prognostic efficacy of lymph node parameters in resected ampullary adenocarcinoma based on long-term follow-up data after adjuvant treatment
Namyoung Park, In Rae Cho, Sang Hyub Lee, Joo Seong Kim, Jin Ho Choi, Min Woo Lee, Woo Hyun Paik, Kwang Ro Joo, Ji Kon Ryu, Yong-Tae Kim
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Effect on Long-Term Survival in Ampullary Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Dong Woo Shin, Jae Min Lee, Jong-chan Lee, Hee Seung Lee, Seung Bae Yoon, Dong Kee Jang, Joo Kyung Park, Min Kyu Jung, Yoon Suk Lee, Jin-Hyeok Hwang
Journal of the American College of Surgeons.2023; 237(3): 501. CrossRef
Role of adjuvant chemotherapy on recurrence and survival in patients with resected ampulla of Vater carcinoma
Se Jun Park, Kabsoo Shin, In-Ho Kim, Tae Ho Hong, Younghoon Kim, Myung-ah Lee
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2023; 15(4): 677. CrossRef
Remission from the 5-Fu-Based Chemotherapy to Gemcitabine-Based Chemotherapy-Based on the Pathological Classification of Periampullary Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Wei Hu, Zhiqing Duan, Yinuo Zhang, Jing Liu, Jing Bao, Ruqing Gao, Yajie Tang, Tiande Liu, Hu Xiong, Wen Li, Xiaowei Fu, Shousheng Liao, Lu Fang, Bo Liang
OncoTargets and Therapy.2022; Volume 15: 891. CrossRef

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Prognostic Predictability of American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Staging System for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Limited Improvement Compared with the 7th Staging System: Jong Woo Lee, Jae Hoon Lee, Yejong Park, Woohyung Lee, Jaewoo Kwon, Ki Byung Song, Dae Wook Hwang, Song Cheol Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):886-895. Published online March 12, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.023

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic values of the 7th and 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging systems for patients with resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC).
Materials and Methods
A total of 348 patients who underwent major hepatectomy for PHCC between 2008 and 2015 were identified from a single center. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared across stage groups with the log-rank test. The concordance index was used to evaluate the prognostic predictability of the 8th AJCC staging system compared with that of the 7th.
Results
In the 8th edition, the stratification of each group of T classification improved compared to that in the 7th, as the survival rate of T4 decreased (T2, 31.2%; T3, 13.9%; T4, 15.1%; T1- T2, p=0.260; T2-T3, p=0.001; T3-T4, p=0.996). Both editions showed significant survival differences between each N category, except between N1 and N2 (p=0.063) in 7th edition. Differences of point estimates between the 8th and 7th T and N classification and overall stages were +0.028, +0.006, and +0.039, respectively (T, p=0.005; N, p=0.115; overall stage, p=0.005). In multivariable analysis, posthepatectomy liver failure, T category, N category, distant metastasis, histologic differentiation, intraoperative transfusion, and resection margin status were associated with OS.
Conclusion
The prognostic predictability of 8th AJCC staging for PHCC improved slightly, with statistical significance, compared to the 7th edition, but its overall performance is still unsatisfactory.

Citations

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Predicting recurrence in patients with node-negative perihilar cholangiocarcinoma after an R0 resection
Tao Wei, Jian Zhang, Odysseas P. Chatzipanagiotou, Shouliang Guo, Alfredo Guglielmi, Hugo P. Marques, Federico Aucejo, Shishir K. Maithel, Carlo Pulitano, George A. Poultsides, Xu-Feng Zhang, Bas Groot Koerkamp, Endo Itaru, Tingbo Liang, Timothy M. Pawlik
European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2026; 52(5): 111751. CrossRef
Postoperative factors predicting outcomes in patients with Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma undergoing curative resection—a 10-year single-center experience
Hasan Ahmad Al-Saffar, Nicolai Schultz, Peter Nørrgaard Larsen, Eva Fallentin, Gro Linno Willemoe, Diana Elena Renteria Ramirez, Lucas Alexander Knøfler, Hans-Christian Pommergaard
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 60(1): 73. CrossRef
Depth of Liver Invasion as a Novel Predictor for Outcome of Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Tao Zhang, Li Li, Dong-Liang Yang, Nan Jiang, Hai-Jing Ge, Ming-Yu Lin, Chang-Zhen Yang, Si-Qiao Shan, Hua Sun, Zhe Yan, Xue-Li Yuan, Kai Sun, Jian-Ping Zeng, Can-Hong Xiang, Si-Yuan Wang, Shuo Jin
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2025; 49(10): 1060. CrossRef
Oncologic impact of perineural invasion in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: an international multicenter study
Jun Kawashima, Miho Akabane, Diamantis I. Tsilimigras, Selamawit Woldesenbet, Mujtaba Khalil, Yutaka Endo, Kota Sahara, Federico Aucejo, Hugo P. Marques, Beatriz Chumbinho, Tom Hugh, Shishir K. Maithel, Bas Groot Koerkamp, Andrea Ruzzenente, Itaru Endo, T
HPB.2025; 27(9): 1158. CrossRef
The preoperative scoring system combining neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and CA19-9 predicts the long-term prognosis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patients undergoing curative liver resection
Shilei Bai, Xiaodong Shi, Yizhe Dai, Huifeng Wang, Yong Xia, Jian Liu, Kui Wang
BMC Cancer.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Preoperative factors predicting outcomes in patients with suspected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma referred for curative resection— a single-center 10-year experience
HA Al-Saffar, PN Larsen, N Schultz, TS Kristensen, DE Renteria, LA Knøfler, HC Pommergaard
Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Four Lymph Node Classifications for the Prediction of Survival in Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Zhi-Peng Liu, Qing-Yi Zhang, Wei-Yue Chen, Yu-Yan Huang, Yan-Qi Zhang, Yi Gong, Yan Jiang, Jie Bai, Zhi-Yu Chen, Hai-Su Dai
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2022; 26(5): 1030. CrossRef
Impact of Positive Lymph Nodes and Resection Margin Status on the Overall Survival of Patients with Resected Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: The ENSCCA Registry
Lynn E. Nooijen, Jesus M. Banales, Marieke T. de Boer, Chiara Braconi, Trine Folseraas, Alejandro Forner, Waclaw Holowko, Frederik J. H. Hoogwater, Heinz-Josef Klümpen, Bas Groot Koerkamp, Angela Lamarca, Adelaida La Casta, Flora López-López, Laura Izquie
Cancers.2022; 14(10): 2389. CrossRef
Modification of the eighth AJCC/UICC staging system for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: An alternative pathological staging system from cholangiocarcinoma-prevalent Northeast Thailand
Chaiwat Aphivatanasiri, Prakasit Sa-Ngiamwibool, Sakkarn Sangkhamanon, Piyapharom Intarawichian, Waritta Kunprom, Malinee Thanee, Piya Prajumwongs, Narong Khuntikeo, Attapol Titapun, Apiwat Jareanrat, Vasin Thanasukarn, Tharatip Srisuk, Vor Luvira, Kulyad
Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Vascular invasion and lymph node metastasis mediate the effect of CA242 on prognosis in hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients after radical resection
Gang Heng, Benqi Huang, Yanbing Shen, Dan wang, Zhen Lan, Yuxuan Yao, Jianxin Zhang, Jiankun Jia, Chengcheng Zhang
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and validation of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging-based survival predictive nomograms for patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma after radical resection: A pilot study
Jian Zhao, Wei Zhang, Cheng-Lin Fan, Jun Zhang, Fang Yuan, Si-Yun Liu, Fu-Yu Li, Bin Song
European Journal of Radiology.2021; 138: 109631. CrossRef
A Novel Nomogram Based on Log Odds of Metastatic Lymph Nodes to Predict Overall Survival in Patients With Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma After Surgery
Wenbo Zou, Chunyu Zhu, Zizheng Wang, Xianglong Tan, Chenggang Li, Zhiming Zhao, Minggen Hu, Rong Liu
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Relevance of the Eighth Edition of TNM Classification for Resected Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Hans-Michael Hau, Felix Meyer, Nora Jahn, Sebastian Rademacher, Robert Sucher, Daniel Seehofer
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2020; 9(10): 3152. CrossRef

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