Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Article

The Use of CD44 Variant 9 and Ki-67 Combination Can Predicts Prognosis Better Than Their Single Use in Early Gastric Cancer: Se-Il Go, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Won Sup Lee, Jeong-Hee Lee, Sang-Ho Jeong, Young-Joon Lee, Soon Chan Hong, Woo Song Ha; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1411-1419. Published online February 25, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.663

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Purpose
We previously demonstrated that CD44v9 and Ki-67 played an important role in predicting poor prognosis of early gastric cancer (EGC). However, little is known about combined use of both biomarkers as prognostic biomarker. The present study was performed to investigate the significance of CD44v9 and Ki-67 expression as a combination biomarker for EGC.
Materials and Methods
With tissue microarray for 158 EGC tissues, we performed immunohistochemical staining for CD44v9 and Ki-67. The whole patients were divided into three groups (group A, CD44v9- negative/Ki-67–low; group B, neither group A or C; and group C, CD44v9-positive/Ki-67– high). Its clinical significance was re-analyzed with adjustment via propensity score matching (PSM). For validation, we performed bootstrap resampling.
Results
The median follow-up duration was 90.4 months (range, 3.7 to 120.4 months). In the comparison according to CD44v9/Ki-67 expression, the combined use of the two biomarker clearly separated the three groups by 5-year survival rates (5-YSR, 96.3%, 89.8%, and 76.8% in group A, B, and C, respectively; p=0.009). After PSM, 5-YSR were 97.7% and 76.8% in group A+B and group C, respectively (p=0.002). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that group C had independently poor prognosis (hazard ratio, 9.137; 95% confidence interval, 1.187 to 70.366; p=0.034) compared with group A. Bootstrap resampling internally validated this result (p=0.016).
Conclusion
This study suggests that both positive CD44v9 and high Ki-67 expression are associated with poor prognosis in EGC, and the combined use of these markers provides better prognostic stratification than the single use of them.

Citations

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Cyclin D1 Serves as a Poor Prognostic Biomarker in Stage I Gastric Cancer
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Identification of novel biomarkers, MUC5AC, MUC1, KRT7, GAPDH, CD44 for gastric cancer
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Meta-Analysis

Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer in Elderly and Non-elderly Patients: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials: Seong-Hwan Chang, Soo-Nyung Kim, Hye Jung Choi, Misuk Park, Rock Bum Kim, Se-Il Go, Won Sup Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):263-273. Published online July 5, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.054

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Purpose
This study evaluated the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy on elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) using meta-analysis of well-designed randomized controlled clinical studies.
Materials and Methods
PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane were searched to retrieve clinical studies evaluating the benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in the elderly with AGC. Hazards ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled across studies using a fixed-effects model.
Results
Two studies were included in this meta-analysis to estimate HR for the overall survival (OS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) between adjuvant chemotherapy and surgery in elderly and non-elderly patients. HR for OS in the elderly and non-elderly was 0.745 (95% CI, 0.552 to 1.006, p=0.055) and 0.636 (95% CI, 0.522 to 0.776; p < 0.001), respectively, which showed no heterogeneity regarding HR between the two groups (p_interaction=0.389). HR for RFS in the elderly and non-elderly was 0.613 (95% CI, 0.466 to 0.806; p < 0.001) and 0.633 (95% CI, 0.533 to 0.753; p < 0.001), respectively (p_interaction=0.846).
Conclusion
Meta-analysis suggests that the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy to the elderly is not big enough to reach statistical significance while the HR for OS is less than 1 (0.745) and no heterogeneity are observed regarding the HR between the elderly and non-elderly patients.

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Original Articles

Population-Based Regional Cancer Incidence in Korea: Comparison between Urban and Rural Areas: Haa-Na Song, Se-Il Go, Won Sup Lee, Yire Kim, Hye Jung Choi, Un Seok Lee, Myoung Hee Kang, Gyeong-Won Lee, Hoon-Gu Kim, Jung Hun Kang, Yune Sik Kang, Jeong-Hee Lee, Jin-Myung Jung, Soon Chan Hong; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):789-797. Published online July 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.062

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate differences in organ-specific cancer incidence according to the region and population size in Korea.
Materials and Methods
We reviewed the data of the cancer registration program of Gyeongnam Regional Cancer Center between 2008 and 2011. Age-standardized rates of cancer incidence were analyzed according to population size of the region and administrative zone.
Results
Incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing rapidly in both urban and rural areas. However, the thyroid cancer incidence was much lower in rural areas than in urban areas and megalopolis such as Seoul. Gastric cancer was relatively more common in rural areas, in megalopolis near the sea (Ulsan, Busan, and Incheon), and other southern provinces (Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do). A detailed analysis in Gyeongsangnam-do revealed that rural areas have relatively low incidence of thyroid and colorectal cancer, and relatively high incidence of gastric and lung cancer compared to urban areas.
Conclusion
This study suggests that there are some differences in cancer incidence by population size. Thyroid and colorectal cancer incidence was increasing, and gastric and lung cancer was slightly decreasing in urban areas, whereas gastric and lung cancer incidence still remains high in rural areas.

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CD44 Variant 9 Serves as a Poor Prognostic Marker in Early Gastric Cancer, But Not in Advanced Gastric Cancer: Se-Il Go, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Won Sup Lee, Rock Bum Kim, Jeong-Hee Lee, Sang-Ho Jeong, Young-Joon Lee, Soon Chan Hong, Woo Song Ha; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):142-152. Published online March 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.227

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The present study is to investigate the significance of CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9) expression as a biomarker in primary gastric cancer.
Materials and Methods
With various gastric tissues, we performed immunohistochemical staining for CD44v9.
Results
The positive expression rates for CD44v9 in tumor, including adenoma, early gastric cancer (EGC), and advanced gastric cancer (AGC), were higher than those in non-tumor tissues (p = 0.003). In addition, the higher expression for CD44v9 was observed as the tissue becomes malignant. In the analysis of 333 gastric cancer tissues, we found that positive expression rates for CD44v9 were higher in the intestinal type or well differentiated gastric cancer than in the diffuse type or poorly differentiated gastric cancer. Interestingly, the positive expression indicated poor prognosis in EGC (5-YSR in stage I, 81.7% vs 95.2%; p = 0.013), but not in AGC (5-YSR in stage II, 66.9% vs 62.2%; p = 0.821, 5-YSR in stage III, 34.5% vs 32.0%; p = 0.929). Moreover, strong positive expression (3+) showed a trend suggesting worse prognosis only in EGC, and it appeared to be associated with lymph node metastasis.
Conclusion
This study suggests that CD44v9 may be a good biomarker for prognosis prediction and for chemoprevention or biomarker-driven therapies only for EGC.

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The Use of CD44 Variant 9 and Ki-67 Combination Can Predicts Prognosis Better Than Their Single Use in Early Gastric Cancer
Se-Il Go, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Won Sup Lee, Jeong-Hee Lee, Sang-Ho Jeong, Young-Joon Lee, Soon Chan Hong, Woo Song Ha
Cancer Research and Treatment.2019; 51(4): 1411. CrossRef
Variant isoforms of CD44 involves acquisition of chemoresistance to cisplatin and has potential as a novel indicator for identifying a cisplatin-resistant population in urothelial cancer
Masayuki Hagiwara, Eiji Kikuchi, Nobuyuki Tanaka, Takeo Kosaka, Shuji Mikami, Hideyuki Saya, Mototsugu Oya
BMC Cancer.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit is associated with cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma
Noriko Hiyama, Takahiro Ando, Keita Maemura, Toshio Sakatani, Yosuke Amano, Kousuke Watanabe, Hidenori Kage, Yutaka Yatomi, Takahide Nagase, Jun Nakajima, Daiya Takai
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2018; 48(4): 303. CrossRef
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Nattawan Suwannakul, Ning Ma, Raynoo Thanan, Somchai Pinlaor, Piti Ungarreevittaya, Kaoru Midorikawa, Yusuke Hiraku, Shinji Oikawa, Shosuke Kawanishi, Mariko Murata
Mediators of Inflammation.2018; 2018: 1. CrossRef
Expression of CD44, CD44v9, ABCG2, CD24, Bmi‑1 and ALDH1 in stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinoma and their association with clinicopathological factors
Tetsuya Tamatani, Natsumi Takamaru, Go Ohe, Kazuya Akita, Takayuki Nakagawa, Youji Miyamoto
Oncology Letters.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Hyaluronic acid in digestive cancers
Ruo-Lin Wu, Lei Huang, Hong-Chuan Zhao, Xiao-Ping Geng
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2017; 143(1): 1. CrossRef
Prognostic impact of Ki-67 in patients with gastric cancer—the importance of depth of invasion and histologic differentiation
Gyung Hyuck Ko, Se-Il Go, Won Sup Lee, Jeong-Hee Lee, Sang-Ho Jeong, Young-Joon Lee, Soon Chan Hong, Woo Song Ha
Medicine.2017; 96(25): e7181. CrossRef
Dose-escalation study for the targeting of CD44v+ cancer stem cells by sulfasalazine in patients with advanced gastric cancer (EPOC1205)
Kohei Shitara, Toshihiko Doi, Osamu Nagano, Chiyo K. Imamura, Takeshi Ozeki, Yuya Ishii, Kenji Tsuchihashi, Shunji Takahashi, Takako E. Nakajima, Shuichi Hironaka, Miki Fukutani, Hiromi Hasegawa, Shogo Nomura, Akihiro Sato, Yasuaki Einaga, Takeshi Kuwata,
Gastric Cancer.2017; 20(2): 341. CrossRef
CD44 variant 9 expression as a predictor for gastric cancer recurrence: immunohistochemical and metabolomic analysis of surgically resected tissues
Yushi YAMAKAWA, Masatoshi KUSUHARA, Masanori TERASHIMA, Yusuke KINUGASA, Takashi SUGINO, Masato ABE, Toru MOCHIZUKI, Keiichi HATAKEYAMA, Kenjiro KAMI, Ken YAMAGUCHI
Biomedical Research.2017; 38(1): 41. CrossRef
Initiation and Maintenance of Gastric Cancer: A Focus on CD44 Variant Isoforms and Cancer Stem Cells
Yana Zavros
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2017; 4(1): 55. CrossRef
Phase 1 study of sulfasalazine and cisplatin for patients with CD44v-positive gastric cancer refractory to cisplatin (EPOC1407)
Kohei Shitara, Toshihiko Doi, Osamu Nagano, Miki Fukutani, Hiromi Hasegawa, Shogo Nomura, Akihiro Sato, Takeshi Kuwata, Kai Asai, Yasuaki Einaga, Kenji Tsuchihashi, Kentaro Suina, Yusuke Maeda, Hideyuki Saya, Atsushi Ohtsu
Gastric Cancer.2017; 20(6): 1004. CrossRef
Hypoxia regulates CD44 expression via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in human gastric cancer cells
Gai Liang, Shuang Li, Wei Du, Qinghua Ke, Jun Cai, Jiyuan Yang
Oncology Letters.2017; 13(2): 967. CrossRef
Variant isoforms of CD44 expression in upper tract urothelial cancer as a predictive marker for recurrence and mortality
Masayuki Hagiwara, Eiji Kikuchi, Takeo Kosaka, Shuji Mikami, Hideyuki Saya, Mototsugu Oya
Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations.2016; 34(8): 337.e19. CrossRef
Cancer stem cells in human digestive tract malignancies
Fatemeh B. Rassouli, Maryam M. Matin, Morvarid Saeinasab
Tumor Biology.2016; 37(1): 7. CrossRef

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34 Crossref

Case Report

Cyclosporine A as a Primary Treatment for Panniculitis-like T Cell Lymphoma: A Case with a Long-Term Remission: Won Sup Lee, Ji-Hyen Hwang, Moon Jin Kim, Se-Il Go, Anna Lee, Haa-Na Song, Min Jeong Lee, Myung Hee Kang, Hoon-Gu Kim, Jeong-Hee Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2014;46(3):312-316. Published online July 15, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.46.3.312

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T cell lymphoma (SPTL) is a distinctive cutaneous lymphoma characterized by an infiltration of subcutaneous tissue by neoplastic T cells, similar to panniculitis. It is well-established that patients who are diagnosed with SPTL usually respond poorly to chemotherapy, showing fatal outcome. As a first line treatment for SPTL, anthracycline-based chemotherapy was most frequently used. For the treatment of SPTL, the efficacy of cyclosporine A has been recently reported in relapsed SPTL after anthracycline-based chemotherapy. However, it is still not clear whether cyclosporine A can be used as a first-line treatment against SPTL. Here, we report a case of SPTL, which achieved complete remission for nine years after first-line cyclosporine A therapy. This study suggests that cyclosporine A can induce a complete long-term remission as a first-line treatment.

Citations

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The pathophysiology and current treatments for the subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T cell lymphoma: An updated review
En‐Cheng Lin, Jia‐Bin Liao, Yu‐Han Fang, Chien‐Hui Hong
Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology.2023; 19(1): 27. CrossRef
A retrospective study of 18 children with subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: multidrug combination chemotherapy or immunomodulatory therapy?
Yanlong Duan, Huixia Gao, Chunju Zhou, Ling Jin, Jing Yang, Shuang Huang, Meng Zhang, Yonghong Zhang, Tianyou Wang
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Elizabeth Dao, Alexandra Bourgeois, Pamela Martin
The American Journal of Dermatopathology.2021; 43(10): 754. CrossRef
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis as the Initial Presentation of Subcutaneous Panniculitis-Like T-Cell Lymphoma: A Rare Case Responding to Cyclosporine A and Steroids
Caitlin Sullivan, Arya Loghmani, Katharine Thomas, Rachna Jetly-Shridhar, Rajasree Pia Chowdry
Journal of Investigative Medicine High Impact Case Reports.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Rare Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
Fabiana Damasco, Oleg E. Akilov
Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America.2019; 33(1): 135. CrossRef
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma: single center experience in an Asian population
Ting-An Lin, Ching-Fen Yang, Yao-Chung Liu, Jin-Hwang Liu, Tzeon-jye Chiou, Liang-Tsai Hsiao, Hsiu-Ju Yen, Chia-Jen Liu, Hao-Yuan Wang, Po-Shen Ko, Sheng-Hsuan Chien, Jyh-Pyng Gau
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Successful treatment of a rare subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma: An unusual case report and literature review
Liye Xu, Yuxuan Che, Xiaolei Ding, Jincheng Song, Xian Zhang, Xiuhua Sun
Dermatologic Therapy.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the safe and effective prescribing of oral ciclosporin in dermatology 2018
J. Berth‐Jones, L.S. Exton, E. Ladoyanni, M.F. Mohd Mustapa, V.M. Tebbs, P.D. Yesudian, N.J. Levell, P.M. McHenry, T.A. Leslie, S. Wakelin, R.Y.P. Hunasehally, M. Cork, G.A. Johnston, N. Chiang, F.S. Worsnop, A. Salim, D. Buckley, G. Petrof, N. Callachand
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A Systematic Approach to the Cutaneous Lymphoid Infiltrates: A Clinical, Morphologic, and Immunophenotypic Evaluation
Alejandro A. Gru, Chauncey McHargue, Andrea L. Salavaggione
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2019; 143(8): 958. CrossRef
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A rare, potentially fatal complication in subcutaneous panniculitis like T cell lymphoma
ChandraSekhar Sirka, Swetalina Pradhan, Susama Patra, Somanath Padhi, SarojKumar DasMajumdar, Debjani Panda
Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology.2019; 85(5): 481. CrossRef
Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-Cell lymphoma: A mixed diagnostic approach to diagnosing a vague clinical picture
Callie Roberts Hill, Apphia Wang, Boni E. Elewski, Peter G Pavlidakey
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Uncommon Variants of T-Cell Lymphomas
Neha Mehta-Shah, Steven Horwitz
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Relapsed and refractory subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with excellent response to cyclosporine: a case report and literature review
Chi-Ching Chen, Chieh-Lin Teng, Su-Peng Yeh
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Neha Mehta–Shah, Steven Horwitz
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Original Articles

A Phase II Trial of Haptaplatin/5-FU and Leucovorin for Advanced Stomach Cancer: Won Sup Lee, Gyeong-Won Lee, Hwal Woong Kim, Ok-Jae Lee, Young-Joon Lee, Gyung Hyuck Ko, Jong-Seok Lee, Joung Soon Jang, Woo Song Ha; Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(4):208-211. Published online August 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.4.208

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Heptaplatin (SKI-2053 R) is a new platinum analogue, with a better toxicity profile than cisplatin, and has antitumor activity even in cisplatin resistant cell lines. 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) has shown synergy with platinum compounds. This phase II trial was designed to determine the efficacy and toxicities of heptaplatin/ 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) for treating stomach cancer.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-two patients with advanced, measurable gastric adenocarcinomas were enrolled in this trial. The treatment consisted of heptaplatin, 400 mg/m²/day (1 hour IV infusion), on day 1 and 5-FU, 800 mg/m²/day (12 hours IV infusion), on days 1 to 5. The cycles were repeated every 3 weeks.

Results

Of the 26 evaluable patients, 9 had partial responses and 1a complete response (overall response rate, 38%; 95% confidence interval, 19~57%). The median response duration was 23 weeks (range: 4~60 weeks). The median time to progression was 26 weeks (range: 3~68 weeks). The grades III-IV toxicities were mostly hematological toxicities: leucopenia was observed in 11 patients (35%) and thrombocytopenia 4 (13%). No definite neuropathy was observed. Grade I-II nephropathy was also noted: grade I high BUN/creatinine levels occurred in 5 patients (16%), grade II proteinuria 2 (6%), grade I proteinuria 5 (16%). Neutropenic fever developed in 5 patients (16%) and 1 died of pneumonia in a neutropenic state.

Conclusion

This study suggests that the regimen of Heptaplatin/5-FU should be effective and have a favorable toxicity profile for the patients suffering with advanced stomach cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Cisplatin Resistance in Cancer Therapy: Causes and Overcoming Strategies
S. Shruthi, K. Bhasker Shenoy
ChemistrySelect.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Dobrina Tsvetkova, Stefka Ivanova
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W. Xu, D. C. Wang
Russian Journal of General Chemistry.2016; 86(4): 939. CrossRef
The extract of Paris polyphylla exerts apoptotic induction and synergic antiproliferative effect with anticancer drugs in SMMC-7721 human liver cancer cells
Jing Sun, Bao-rui Liu, Jia Wei, Xiao-ping Qian, Li-xia Yu, Ren-hua Guo, Hua Shen, Tong-shan Wang, Yong-qian Shu
Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition.2011; 1(3): 186. CrossRef
The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials
Nial J. Wheate, Shonagh Walker, Gemma E. Craig, Rabbab Oun
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Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1, thymidylate synthase, and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer
H.-C. Kwon, M.S. Roh, S.Y. Oh, S.-H. Kim, M.C. Kim, J.-S. Kim, H.-J. Kim
Annals of Oncology.2007; 18(3): 504. CrossRef

9,294 View
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6 Crossref

Combination Chemotherapy with Mitomycin C, Vinorelbine, and Cisplatin (MVrP) in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Hun Gu Kim, Gyeong Won Lee, Dae Hwan Lee, In Gyu Hwang, Ki Shik Shim, Won Sup Lee, Jong Deog Lee, Joung Soon Jang, Young Sil Hwang, Jong Seok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(5):377-384. Published online October 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.5.377

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
A phase II study was conducted in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in order to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the combination chemotherapy regimen of mitomycin C, vinorelbine, and cisplatin (MVrP).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between June 1996 and December 2000, fifty-nine patients with unresectable stage IIIB to IV, pathologically documented NSCLC were enrolled in this study. One cycle consisted of mitomycin C 10 mg/m2 i.v. day 1, vinorelbine 30 mg/m2 i.v. days 1 & 15, and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 i.v day 1 and the next cycle consisted of vinorelbine 30 mg/m2 i.v. days 29 & 43, and cisplatin 80 mg/m2 i.v day 29. Each cycle was alternated and treatments were repeated every 8 weeks.
RESULTS
We were able to evaluate fifty-three of 59 patients. Objective responses were seen in 22 (41.5%) patients (CR 0%, PR 41.5%). The median duration of response was 13.7 weeks and the median time to progression was 17.7 weeks. The median overall survival was 45.6 weeks. There was a significantly longer survival seen in responders (p=0.041). The toxicities of this regimen were acceptable without treatment related toxic death.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that a combination regimen of mitomycin C, vinorelbine, and cisplatin is relatively effective and well tolerated for the treatment of advanced NSCLC.

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A Phase II Trial of UFT-E and Oral Leucovorin in Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Won Sup Lee, Keun Seok Lee, Ki Hyun Kim, Baek Yeol Ryoo, Won Seog Kim, Won Ki Kang, Yoon Koo Kang, Dae Seog Heo, Yung Jue Bang, Noe Kyeong Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(3):225-228. Published online June 30, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.3.225

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To determine the efficacy and toxicity of UFT-E plus oral calcium leucovorin in the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty-three patients with advanced, bidimensionally measurable colorectal adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the trial. No patients had received prior palliative chemotherapy. The patients that had received previous adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled when more than 6 months had elapsed after the completion of adjuvant therapy. Patients were treated with 300 mg/m2/day of UFT-E (tegafur-based) plus 90 mg/day of leucovorin administered orally in three divided daily doses, every 8 hours for 28 days followed by a 7-day rest period. Response was evaluated after two or three courses of therapy.
RESULTS
Thirty-six of forty-three patients were evaluable for response; seven dropped out due to infection, toxicity and patients' refusal. Ten patients had partial responses and one patient complete response (response rate, 31%; 95% confidence interval, 16~46%). The median response duration for the UFT-E plus leucovorin regimen was 28 weeks. Grade III toxicity was seen in one case, with diarrhea.
CONCLUSION
This oral regimen proved effective and well tolerated. This schema also avoided inconveniences, such as hospitalization and the use of infusion pumps, which are associated with 5-FU infusion regimens. The regimen used showed minimal toxicity, especially in the upper digestive tract, with good patient compliance.

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A Phase II Study of Oxaliplatin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Leucovorin in 5- Fluorouracil-Pretreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Keun Seok Lee, Won Sup Lee, Hark Kyun Kim, Joo Young Jeong, Dae Seog Heo, Yung Jue Bang, Noe Kyeong Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2001;33(2):99-105.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate antitumor response, time to progression, and toxicities of oxaliplatin, 5- fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (LV) continuous infusion in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer who progressed during or after treatment with a 5-FU-containing regimen.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty-eight patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, who progressed while receiving or after discontinuing palliative chemotherapy with 5- FU-based regimen, were enrolled in this study. Treatment consisted of oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2 on day 1) as a 2-hour infusion followed by bolus 5-FU (400 mg/m2 on day 1), and 5-FU 48-hour infusion 2.4~3 g/m2 concurrently with LV 48-hour infusion 150 mg/m2, without mixing. Cycles were repeated at 2-week intervals. The dose of 5-FU was modified, depending on the hematologic toxicity profile.
RESULTS
The objective response rate was 28% for 43 assessable patients (95% confidence interval, 14% to 42%), including one complete remission (2%). Seventeen additional patients (39%) had stable disease, and fourteen (33%) progressed. The median time to progression was 5.9 months and the median overall survival was 13.2 months from the start of the chemotherapy. From the 297 cycles analyzed, hematologic toxicities per course were: leukopenia; grade I 26.6%, grade II 3.4%, and grade III 0.3%, thrombocytopenia; grade I 10.8%, grade II 3.0%, grade III 1.0%, and grade IV 0.3%. The most frequent nonhematologic adverse reactions were nausea/vomiting and peripheral neuropathy, which were rated as WHO grade II in 13 patients (49%) and 11 patients (22%), respectively.
CONCLUSION
This phase II study of oxaliplatin, 5-FU, and LV continuous infusion showed enhanced antitumor activity in patients with 5-FU-pretreated metastatic colorectal cancer. Overall toxicity was acceptable; neurotoxicity and bone marrow suppression constituted the dose-limiting side effects.

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Prognostic Factors of Gastrointestinal Leiomyosarcoma in Korea: Se Hoon Lee, Hee Jeoung Cha, Jee Hyun Kim, Im Il Na, Jun Hee Lee, Hark Kyun Kim, Keun Seok Lee, Won Sup Lee, Chong Jai Kim, Dae Seog Heo, Yung Jue Bang, Noe Kyeong Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(6):1022-1030.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma have been a source of controversy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective study was made of 91 incident cases of gastrointestinal leiomyosarcoma from 1979 to 1998 to identify clinicopathologic features and prognostic factors.
RESULTS
The median age of study subjects was 56 years and 58.2% was male. Tumors consisted of 2 esophagus, 39 stomach, 38 small bowel, 12 large bowel leiomyosarcoma. Mean size of the tumors was 10.9 cm and 52.9% of them was larger than 10 cm. The tumors were classified as localized stage (42 cases), advanced stage (21 cases), and metastatic stage (28 cases). Again, the tumors were classified as low grade (48 cases) and high grade (18 cases). Median overall survival was 37.4 months and median disease-free survival was 28.2 months. In univariate analysis, the significant factors affecting the overall survival of patients with leiomyosarcoma were stage, size greater than 10 cm, performance status, and histologic grade. In multivariate analysis, stage, performance status, and histologic grade were independent factors affecting the overall survival. In univariate analysis, the significant factors affecting the disease-free survival were stage, performance status, and histologic grade. In multivariate analysis, histologic grade was the only independent factor affecting the disease-free survival.
CONCLUSION
Stage, performance status, and histologic grade were independent factors affecting the overall survival. Histologic grade was independent factor affecting the disease-free survival.

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BACOD/EISHAP Alternating Combination Chemotherapy for Intermediate and High Grade Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Jung Hun Kang, Young Ho Park, Soo Jin Kim, Ji Chul Yun, Gyeong Won Lee, Hun Gu Kim, In Gyu Hwang, Won Sup Lee, Joung Soon Jang, Jong Seok Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(4):793-800.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We conducted a phase II study to determine the antitumor activity of BACOD/EISHAP alternating 9-drug chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Intermediate or high grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients were treated with BACOD/EISHAP (bleomycin, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, dexame thasone/etoposide, ifosfamide, high dose cytarabine, cisplatin, dexamethasone) alternating com bination chemotherapy. Stage I and IIA lymphoma patients were excluded. BACOD/EISHAP alternating chemotherapy was given to the eligible patients every 3 weeks/4 weeks respectively.
RESULTS
Between April, 1995 and December, 1997, among 25 eligible patients, 19 patients were evaluable for response. Six patients could not be evaluated for response because of follow-up loss within 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 12 patients (63%) after BACOD/EISHAP alternating combination chemotherapy. With a follow-up period of 41 months (25~57 months), the disease free survival did not reach median (4~47 months) and 3-year disease free survival rate was 75%. Major toxicity was marrow suppression and the incidence of severe leukopenia (WBC<2,000/mm3) and thromobocytopenia (<25,000/mm3) were 15%, 5%, respectively. No treatment-related death was observed. For non-hematologic toxicities, nausea and vomiting were observed in 65% of patients, stomatitis in 25%, peripheral neuropathy in 20%.
CONCLUSION
BACOD/EISHAP alternating chemotherapy was feasible with acceptable toxicities. The 63% complete response rate was comparable to other regimens but 75% 3year disease-free survival rate was encouraging. Further evaluation of this regimen is warranted.

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A Case of Solitary Bone Plasmacytoma of the Middle Cranial Fossa: Soo Mee Bang, Won Sup Lee, In Ho Kim, Dae Seog Heo, Yung Jue Bang, Dae Hee Han, Noe Kyeong Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(1):182-182.

Abstract PDF: Solitary plasmacytoma consists of solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) and extramedullary plasmacytoma. Its frequency is about 7% among the total plasma cell neoplasm. Solitary bone plasmacytoma of the cranial cavity occurs in 0~18% of patients with SBP. We experienced a case of SBP originated from the middle cranial fossa in a 68-year-old man. After surgical removal of the mass, biopsy specimen revealed plasmacytoma, kappa type. There was no evidence of systemic involvement. Additional radiotherapy was performed. Twenty-one months after the diagnosis of SBP, pathologic fracture of the left humerus happened. Biopsy specimen of the operation revealed same diagnosis. At that time, Bence Jones proteinuria was detected in immuno-electrophoresis of urine and simple bone X-rays showed multiple osteolytic lesions.A case of SBP of the orbit and middle cranial fossa in a 68-year-old man is presented and the literature is reviewed.

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Combination Chemotherapy with 5-Fluorouracil and Carboplatin for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: Eun Kyung Cho, Won Sup Lee, Chul Won Jung, Keun Seok Lee, Won Seog Kim, Ki Hyeong Lee, Dae Seog Heo, Yung Jue Bang, Kwang Hyun Kim, Charn II Park, Noe Kyeong Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(1):94-104.

Abstract PDF: Twenty-nine patients with previously untreated, locally advanced head and neck cancer were treated with two or three cycles of combination chemotherapy consisting of 5- fluorouracil infusion and carboplatin, followed by surgery and/or curative radiotherapy. Nine patients with recurrent head and neck cancer were treated with the same combination chemotherapy. The results were as follows; 1) Among 28 evaluable patients, response rate was 71.4%(partial response) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Following local modality(surgery and/or radiotherapy), response rate was 79%(complete response 51.4%, and partial response 25%). 2) One year survival rate in neoadjuvant group was 83% and one year progression-free survival rate, 68.8%. The progression-free survival of responders was significantly prolonged in comparison with that of non-responders(p<0.05). 3) In palliative treatment group, one partial response(11%) was observed among nine patients. Median time to progression was 6.8 weeks and median survival was 17.7 weeks; there was no significant difference between responders and non-responders. 4) Nausea and vomiting were frequently observed but easily controlled. Hematologic toxicities-leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were observed but were reversible. In conclusion, combination chemotherapy with carboplatin and 5-FU was effective for locally advanced head and neck cancer in neoadjuvant setting, but it had limited benefits for recurrent diseases. Toxicities were tolerable and neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity were not observed.

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