Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Aberrations Identified by Next-generation Sequencing in Patients with Metastatic Cancers: Minkyue Shin, Dae-Ho Choi, Jaeyun Jung, Deok geun Kim, Sung Hee Lim, Seung Tae Kim, Jung Yong Hong, Se Hoon Park, Joon Oh Park, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Jeeyun Lee; Received June 17, 2024 Accepted January 21, 2025 Published online February 21, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.564 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target with confirmed clinical efficacy for several cancer types. We aimed to identify EGFR aberrations and their associations with other genomic alterations in patients with metastatic diseases of various cancers.
Materials and Methods
We used real-world data from the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 3,286 patients with metastatic cancer at the Samsung Medical Center. We analyzed the distribution of EGFR amplification, mutation, and fusion, as well as their correlations with microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and other gene aberrations.
Results
A total of 3,286 patients were tested using NGS of a panel covering 523 cancer-related genes (TSO500, Illumina) as part of clinical practice between October 2019 and October 2022. Patients with lung cancer and gliomas were not included in the analysis. Of the 3,286 patients, 175 (5.3%) had EGFR amplification, 38 (1.2%) had EGFR mutations, and 8 (0.2%) had EGFR fusion. All 175 patients with EGFR amplifications had microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors, but 102 had co-amplifications in other cancer-related genes, and 78 had mutations with clinical significance (tier I/II). Among the 38 patients with EGFR mutations, three (8%) showed MSI-high status, and eleven (29%) demonstrated high TMB (≥ 10 mutations/mb). Among eight patients with EGFR fusion, three exhibited possible functionalities of the EGFR gene.
Conclusion
EGFR aberrations, mainly amplification, followed by mutation and fusion, were present in 6.4% of patients with metastatic solid tumors.

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Genitourinary cancer

Neoadjuvant Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy Followed by Selective Bladder Preservation Chemoradiotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Post Hoc Analysis of Two Prospective Studies: Sung Wook Cho, Sung Hee Lim, Ghee Young Kwon, Chan Kyo Kim, Won Park, Hongryull Pyo, Jae Hoon Chung, Wan Song, Hyun Hwan Sung, Byong Chang Jeong, Se Hoon Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):893-897. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.015

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Purpose
Bladder preservation chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with a clinical complete response (cCR) following cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is a promising treatment strategy for muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma (MIBC). A combined analysis of raw data from two prospective phase II studies was performed to better evaluate the feasibility of selective bladder preservation CRT.
Materials and Methods
The analysis was based on primary efficacy data from two independent studies, including 76 MIBC patients receiving NAC followed by bladder preservation CRT. The efficacy data included metastasis-free survival (MFS) and disease-free survival (DFS). For the present analysis, starting point of survival was defined as the date of commencing CRT.
Results
Among 76 patients, 66 had a cCR following NAC. Sixty-four patients received gemcitabine and cisplatin (GC) combination chemotherapy in neoadjuvant setting, and 12 received nivolumab plus GC. Bladder preservation CRT following NAC was generally well-tolerated, with low urinary tract symptoms being the most common late complication. With a median follow-up of 64 months, recurrence was recorded in 43 patients (57%): intravesical only (n=20), metastatic only (n=16), and both (n=7). In 27 patients with intravesical recurrence, transurethral resection, and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment was given to 17 patients. Salvage cystectomy was performed in 10 patients. Median DFS was 46.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 25.1 to 67.5) months, and the median MFS was not reached. Neither DFS nor MFS appeared to be affected by any of the baseline characteristics. However, DFS was significantly longer in patients with a cCR than in those without (hazard ratio, 0.465; 95% CI, 0.222 to 0.976).
Conclusion
The strategy of NAC followed by selective bladder preservation CRT based on the cCR is feasible in the treatment of MIBC. A standardized definition of cCR is needed to better assess disease status post-NAC.

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News and prospects on radiotherapy for bladder cancer: Is trimodal therapy becoming the gold standard?
Olivier Riou, Christophe Hennequin, Jonathan Khalifa, Paul Sargos
Cancer/Radiothérapie.2024; 28(6-7): 623. CrossRef

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Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Real-World, Retrospective Study: Junho Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Jae Hoon Chung, Wan Song, Hyun Hwan Sung, Byong Chang Jeong, Se Hoon Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):871-876. Published online January 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1226

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Purpose
The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), administered following radical nephroureterectomy.
Materials and Methods
Patients with UTUC, arising from renal pelvis or ureter, staged pT3/T4 or N+ were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery. The chemotherapy consisted of gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m² on days 1 and 8, cisplatin 70 mg/m² on day 1. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks for up to 4 cycles. Endpoints included disease-free survival (DFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), and safety.
Results
Among 89 eligible patients, 85 (95.5%) completed at least 3 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was well tolerated, the main toxicities being mild-to-moderate gastrointestinal toxic effects and pruritus. With a median follow-up of 37 months, median DFS was 30 months (95% confidence interval, 22 to 39), and the median MFS was not reached. The 3-year DFS and MFS were 44% and 56%, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that the main factor associated with DFS and MFS was the lymph node involvement, whereas age, T category, grade, or the primary site of UTUC were not significantly associated with DFS or MFS.
Conclusion
Adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy after radical surgery of pT3/T4 or N+ UTUC was feasible and may demonstrate benefits in DFS and MFS. Whether novel agents added to the chemotherapy regimen, as a concurrent combination or maintenance, impacts on survival or reduces the development of metastases remains to be studied.

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Cisplatin/gemcitabine

Reactions Weekly.2024; 2027(1): 127. CrossRef

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Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Implications in High-Recurrence Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Min-Young Lee, Bo Mi Ku, Hae Su Kim, Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Jong-Mu Sun, Se-Hoon Lee, Keunchil Park, Young Lyun Oh, Mineui Hong, Han-Sin Jeong, Young-Ik Son, Chung-Hwan Baek, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):906-914. Published online December 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.424

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) frequently involve genetic alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic alterations and further explore the relationships between these genetic alterations and clinicopathological characteristics in a high-recurrence risk (node positive, N1) PTC group.
Materials and Methods
Tumor tissue blocks were obtained from 240 surgically resected patients with histologically confirmed stage III/IV (pT3/4 or N1) PTCs. We screened gene fusions using NanoString’s nCountertechnology and mutational analysiswas performed by directDNA sequencing.Data describing the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical courses were retrospectively collected.
Results
Of the 240 PTC patients, 207 (86.3%) had at least one genetic alteration, including BRAF mutation in 190 patients (79.2%), PIK3CA mutation in 25 patients (10.4%), NTRK1/3 fusion in six patients (2.5%), and RET fusion in 24 patients (10.0%). Concomitant presence of more than two genetic alterations was seen in 36 patients (15%). PTCs harboring BRAF mutation were associated with RET wild-type expression (p=0.001). RET fusion genes have been found to occur with significantly higher frequency in N1b stage patients (p=0.003) or groups of patients aged 45 years or older (p=0.031); however, no significant correlation was found between other genetic alterations. There was no trend toward favorable recurrence-free survival or overall survival among patients lacking genetic alterations.
Conclusion
In the selected high-recurrence risk PTC group, most patients had more than one genetic alteration. However, these known alterations could not entirely account for clinicopathological features of high-recurrence risk PTC.

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Zhipeng Hu, Rong Xue, Zhixi Liu, Liang Liu, Zheli Gong
PeerJ.2025; 13: e19006. CrossRef
BRAF V600E mutation co-existing with oncogenic mutations is associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Nobuyuki Bandoh, Takashi Goto, Yasutaka Kato, Akinobu Kubota, Shota Sakaue, Ryuhei Takeda, Shuto Hayashi, Misaki Hayashi, Shogo Baba, Tomomi Yamaguchi-Isochi, Hiroshi Nishihara, Hajime Kamada
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FHL1: A novel diagnostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Yeting Zeng, Dehua Zeng, Xingfeng Qi, Hanxi Wang, Xuzhou Wang, Xiaodong Dai, Lijuan Qu
Pathology International.2024; 74(9): 520. CrossRef
Rearranged During Transfection Rearrangement Detection by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Compared With Other Techniques in NSCLC
Anne Mc Leer, Julie Mondet, Nelly Magnat, Mailys Mersch, Diane Giovannini, Camille Emprou, Anne-Claire Toffart, Nathalie Sturm, Sylvie Lantuéjoul, David Benito
JTO Clinical and Research Reports.2024; 5(12): 100714. CrossRef
Essential news for clinical practice—thyroid cancer
Barbara Kiesewetter, Ladislaia Wolff, Markus Raderer
memo - Magazine of European Medical Oncology.2023; 16(1): 47. CrossRef
A new paradigm for epidermal growth factor receptor expression exists in PTC and NIFTP regulated by microRNAs
Abeer Al-Abdallah, Iman Jahanbani, Rola H. Ali, Nabeel Al-Brahim, Jeena Prasanth, Bashayer Al-Shammary, Maie Al-Bader
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
NanoString in the screening of genetic abnormalities associated with thyroid cancer
Elisabetta Macerola, Anello Marcello Poma, Fulvio Basolo
Seminars in Cancer Biology.2022; 79: 132. CrossRef
The budget impact of adding pralsetinib to a US health plan formulary for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and thyroid cancer with RET alterations
Steve Duff, Francesca Bargiacchi, Chelsea Norregaard, Melanie Brener, Erin Sullivan
Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy.2022; 28(2): 218. CrossRef
Thyroid cancer incidence disparities among ethnic Asian American populations, 1990–2014
Alice W. Lee, Roy A. Mendoza, Shehla Aman, Robert Hsu, Lihua Liu
Annals of Epidemiology.2022; 66: 28. CrossRef
Analytical Accuracy of RET Fusion Detection by Break-Apart Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Jessica A. Baker, Anthony N. Sireci, Narasimha Marella, Holly Kay Cannon, Tyler J. Marquart, Timothy R. Holzer, Leslie O'Neill Reising, Joel D. Cook, Sameera R. Wijayawardana, Juraj Bodo, Eric D. Hsi, Andrew E. Schade, Gerard J. Oakley
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Intratumoral Genetic Heterogeneity in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Occurrence and Clinical Significance
Laura Fugazzola, Marina Muzza, Gabriele Pogliaghi, Mario Vitale
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The stress-activated protein kinase pathway and the expression of stanniocalcin-1 are regulated by miR-146b-5p in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis
Abeer Al-Abdallah, Iman Jahanbani, Heba Mehdawi, Rola H Ali, Nabeel Al-Brahim, Olusegun Mojiminiyi
Cancer Biology & Therapy.2020; 21(5): 412. CrossRef
Risk Stratification Using a Novel Genetic Classifier IncludingPLEKHS1Promoter Mutations for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Distant Metastasis
Chan Kwon Jung, Seung-Hyun Jung, Sora Jeon, Young Mun Jeong, Yourha Kim, Sohee Lee, Ja-Seong Bae, Yeun-Jun Chung
Thyroid.2020; 30(11): 1589. CrossRef
Prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and association between presence of BRAFV600E and extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Jia Zhan, Long-hui Zhang, Qing Yu, Chao-lun Li, Yue Chen, Wen-Ping Wang, Hong Ding
Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical significance of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 in papillary thyroid cancer
Hongmei Zhang, Kejun Zhang, Liang Ning, Dong Chen, Fengyun Hao, Peng Li
Bioengineered.2020; 11(1): 1325. CrossRef
High Preponderance of BRAF V600E Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Among Filipinos: A Clinicopathologic Study
Gerard Anthony M. Espiritu, Joemari T. Malana, Arlie Jean Grace V. Dumasis, Daphne C. Ang
Journal of Global Oncology.2019; (5): 1. CrossRef
PIK3CA Gene Mutations in Solid Malignancies: Association with Clinicopathological Parameters and Prognosis
Ali Alqahtani, Hazem S. K. Ayesh, Hafez Halawani
Cancers.2019; 12(1): 93. CrossRef
Targeted next‑generation sequencing of cancer‑related genes in thyroid carcinoma: A single institution's experience
Nobuyuki Bandoh, Toshiaki Akahane, Takashi Goto, Michihisa Kono, Haruyuki Ichikawa, Takahiro Sawada, Tomomi Yamaguchi, Hiroshi Nakano, Yumiko Kawase, Yasutaka Kato, Hajime Kamada, Yasuaki Harabuchi, Kazuo Shimizu, Hiroshi Nishihara
Oncology Letters.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Niclosamide induces apoptosis through mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and inhibits migration and invasion in human thyroid cancer in vitro
Kai Yu, Tingting Wang, Yujue Li, Chun Wang, Xia Wang, Mei Zhang, Yongmei Xie, Shuangqing Li, Zhenmei An, Tinghong Ye
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2017; 92: 403. CrossRef

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A Randomized Phase II Study of Leucovorin/5-Fluorouracil with or without Oxaliplatin (LV5FU2 vs. FOLFOX) for Curatively-Resected, Node-Positive Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Sung Hee Lim, Young Mog Shim, Se Hoon Park, Hong Kwan Kim, Young Soo Choi, Myung-Ju Ahn, Keunchil Park, Jae Ill Zo, Jong-Mu Sun; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(3):816-823. Published online November 9, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.417

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The optimal perioperative treatment for resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains controversial. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of leucovorin and 5-fluorouracil (LV5FU2) and LV5FU2 plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) combination chemotherapies administered adjuvantly for curatively-resected, node-positive ESCC.
Materials and Methods
Patients with pathologically node-positive esophageal cancer after curative R0 resection were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive LV5FU2 or FOLFOX biweekly for up to eight cycles. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS).
Results
Between 2011 and 2015, 62 patients were randomized into the two treatment groups (32 in the LV5FU2 arm and 30 in the FOLFOX arm). The median age was 60 years and both groups had similar pathologic characteristics in tumor, nodal status, and location. Treatment completion rates were similarly high in both groups. The DFS rate at 12 months was 67% in the LV5FU2 group and 63% in the FOLFOX group with a hazard ratio of 1.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.66 to 2.62). After a median follow-up period of 27 months, the median DFS was 29.6 months (95% CI, 4.9 to 54.2) in the LV5FU2 arm and 16.8 months (95% CI, 7.5 to 26.1) in the FOLFOX arm (p=0.428), respectively, while the median overall survival was not reached in either arm. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was more frequent in patients in the FOLFOX arm than the LV5FU2 arm (20.0% vs. 3.1%).
Conclusion
The addition of oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) did not lead to better efficacy compared to LV5FU2 chemotherapy in an adjuvant setting in node-positive ESCC patients.

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Adjuvant chemotherapy in node‐positive patients after esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Yeong Jeong Jeon, Jong Ho Cho, Yong Soo Choi, Young Mog Shim, Jong‐Mu Sun, Hong Kwan Kim
Thoracic Cancer.2023; 14(6): 624. CrossRef
Disease-free survival as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in adults with resectable esophageal or gastroesophageal junction cancer: A correlation meta-analysis
Jaffer A. Ajani, Lisa Leung, Prianka Singh, Murat Kurt, Inkyu Kim, Mir-Masoud Pourrahmat, Steve Kanters
European Journal of Cancer.2022; 170: 119. CrossRef
Substrate-controlled selective acylation of quinazolinones: Access to 2-benzamido-N-formylbenzamides and 3-benzoylquinazolinones
Xianglin Yu, Peng Chen, Ling Jiang, Jun Lin, Yi Jin
Tetrahedron Letters.2022; 103: 153988. CrossRef
Catalyst-free highly regioselective hydrated ring-opening and formylation of quinazolinones
Xianglin Yu, Zhiliang Tang, Kun He, Weina Li, Jun Lin, Yi Jin
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry.2022; 20(33): 6654. CrossRef
Clinical Trends in Management of Locally Advanced ESCC: Real-World Evidence from a Large Single-Center Cohort Study
Yeong Jeong Jeon, Junsang Yoo, Jong Ho Cho, Young Mog Shim
Cancers.2022; 14(19): 4953. CrossRef
Cardiotoxic effects induced by the use of antimetabolites in the chemotherapy of oncological diseases
Alina A. Aliab'eva, Galina S. Mal
CardioSomatics.2021; 12(3): 177. CrossRef
Antibiotics Improve the Treatment Efficacy of Oxaliplatin-Based but Not Irinotecan-Based Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients
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Adjuvant Therapy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Jong-Mu Sun
The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.2020; 53(4): 168. CrossRef
Copper-Catalyzed N-Formylation of Amines through Tandem Amination/Hydrolysis/Decarboxylation Reaction of Ethyl Bromodifluoroacetate
Xiao-Fang Li, Xing-Guo Zhang, Fan Chen, Xiao-Hong Zhang
The Journal of Organic Chemistry.2018; 83(20): 12815. CrossRef
Palliative chemotherapy and targeted therapies for esophageal and gastroesophageal junction cancer
Vincent T Janmaat, Ewout W Steyerberg, Ate van der Gaast, Ron HJ Mathijssen, Marco J Bruno, Maikel P Peppelenbosch, Ernst J Kuipers, Manon CW Spaander
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Clinicopathologic Features and Long-Term Outcomes of Elderly Breast Cancer Patients: Experiences at a Single Institution in Korea: Hee Kyung Kim, Jun Soo Ham, Seonggyu Byeon, Kwai Han Yoo, Ki Sun Jung, Haa-Na Song, Jinhyun Cho, Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Hae Su Kim, Ji-Yeon Kim, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Won Kim, Seok Jin Nam, Se Kyung Lee, Soo Youn Bae, Jin Seok Ahn, Young-Hyuck Im, Yeon Hee Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(4):1382-1388. Published online March 11, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.423

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the tumor characteristics and long-term clinical outcomes of adjuvant treatments after surgery with a curative aim for patients with breast cancer who are 65 years and older. Materials and Methods Patients with breast cancer who underwent curative surgery from 2000 to 2009 were analyzed (n=4,388). Tumor characteristics and survival outcome were compared by dividing the patients into two age groups (< 65 and ≥ 65 years old). The Kaplan-Meier method was used for comparison of survival rates by log-rank test, and a Cox regression model was used to examine the effect of variables.
Results
Among 4,388 patients with invasive breast cancer, 317 patients (7.2%) were 65 years or older and the median age of all patients was 47 years (range, 18 to 91 years). Tumor characteristics were similar between the two age groups, but the older patients were treated less often with adjuvant treatments. During a median follow-up period of 122 months, recurrence-free survival (RFS) was equivalent for patients 65 years and older compared to younger patients, but significantly worse in overall survival (OS) and breast cancer–specific survival (BCSS) (5-year OS, 94.3% vs. 90.5%; p < 0.001 and 5-year BCSS, 94.7% vs. 91.8%; p=0.031). In the multivariate model, age ≥ 65 years old was identified as an independent risk factor for OS and RFS. Conclusion Elderly breast cancer appeared to have worse outcomes with very low prevalence in Korea, despite similar tumor characteristics. More active adjuvant therapies would have a role for aggressive subtypes for fit, elderly patients.

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HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF BREAST CANCER IN ELDERLY KURDISH WOMEN
Kamal Saeed, Shewaz Salih
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Analysis of the tumor characteristics in young age breast cancer patients using collaborative stage data of the Korea Central Cancer Registry
Junyup Kim, Seri Hong, Jae Jun Lee, Young-Joo Won, Eun Sook Lee, Han-Sung Kang, Seeyoun Lee, Jai Hong Han, Eun-Gyeong Lee, Heein Jo, Hyun Hee Kim, So-Youn Jung
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 187(3): 785. CrossRef
Survival outcomes in elderly Taiwanese women according to breast cancer subtype and lymph node status: A single-center retrospective study
Kung-Hung Lin, Huan-Ming Hsu, Kuo-Feng Hsu, Chi-Hong Chu, Zhi-Jie Hong, Chun-Yu Fu, Yu-Ching Chou, Golshan Mehra, Ming-Shen Dai, Jyh-Cherng Yu, Guo-Shiou Liao, Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(12): e0261258. CrossRef
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Juan Ruiz, Gerson Maldonado, Elizabeth Ablah, Hayrettin Okut, Jared Reyes, Karson Quinn, Patty L. Tenofsky
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Haruko Takuwa, Wakako Tsuji, Fumiaki Yotsumoto
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Qixing Tan, Qinghong Qin, Weiping Yang, Bin Lian, Qinguo Mo, Changyuan Wei
Medicine.2016; 95(44): e5302. CrossRef

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Association between PD-L1 and HPV Status and the Prognostic Value of PD-L1 in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Hae Su Kim, Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Keunchil Park, Jong-Mu Sun, Young Hyeh Ko, Chung-Hwan Baek, Young-ik Son, Han Sin Jeong, Yong Chan Ahn, Min-Young Lee, Mineui Hong, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):527-536. Published online September 15, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.249

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been recognized as an immunosuppressive disease. Various mechanisms have been proposed for immune escape, including dysregulation of immune checkpoints such as the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway. We investigated the expression of programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in HPV-negative and HPV-positive OSCC to determine its prevalence and prognostic relevance.
Materials and Methods
Using immunohistochemistry, 133 cases of OSCC were evaluated for expression of PD-L1. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples were stained with monoclonal antibody (clone 5H1) to PD-L1. PD-L1 positivity was defined as membrane staining in ≥20% of tumor cells. Correlations between PD-L1 expression and HPV status and survival parameters were analyzed.
Results
Of the 133 patients, 68% showed PD-L1 expression, and 67% of patients were positive for p16 expression by immunohistochemistry. No significant difference in PD-L1 expression was observed between HPV(-) and HPV(+) tumors (61% vs. 71%, p=0.274). No significant difference in age, gender, smoking history, location of tumor origin, or stage was observed according to PD-L1 status. With a median follow-up period of 44 months, older age (≥65) (p=0.017) and T3-4 stage (p<0.001) were associated with poor overall survival (OS), whereas PD-L1 expression did not affect OS in univariate and multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
PD-L1 expression was observed in the majority of OSCC patients regardless of HPV status. Further large prospective studies are required to determine the role of PD-L1 expression as a prognostic or predictive biomarker, and clinical studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors in OCSS are warranted regardless of HPV status.

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PD-L1 Expression and Its Association With p16 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Southwestern Uganda
Rita Nabulya, Raymond Atwine, Brian Ssenkumba, Yekosani Mitala, Jamilah Nabukenya
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine International.2024; Volume 16: 1. CrossRef
High‐risk HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 and their interplay with the innate immune response: Uncovering mechanisms of immune evasion and therapeutic prospects
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Journal of Medical Virology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression considering HPV status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Raíssa Soares dos ANJOS, Marianne de Vasconcelos CARVALHO, Rayanna Thayse Florêncio COSTA, Belmiro Cavalcanti do Egito VASCONCELOS, Sandra Lúcia Dantas MORAES, Eduardo Piza PELLIZZER
Brazilian Oral Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression Levels as a Potential Biomarker of Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Head and Neck Cancers
Katarzyna Malinowska, Andrzej Kowalski, Anna Merecz-Sadowska, Milena Paprocka-Zjawiona, Przemysław Sitarek, Tomasz Kowalczyk, Hanna Zielińska-Bliźniewska
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(5): 2033. CrossRef
Immunotherapy in oral cancer: Review
Despoina Papaioannou, Spyridoula Petsali, Alida Ndreou, Fani Akritidou, Vasileios Zisis, Dimitrios Kavvadas, Athanasios Poulopoulos, Sofia Karachrysafi, Dimitrios Andreadis
Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine.2023; 27(3): 129. CrossRef
Programmed Death Ligand-1 Combined Positive Score Concordance and Interrater Reliability in Primary Tumors and Synchronous Lymph Node Metastases in Resected Cases of p16+ Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Expression of immune checkpoint protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its clinicopathological correlation: A tertiary care center cross-sectional study
Sonal Ratnakar, Madhu Kumar, Malti K. Maurya, Sumaira Qayoom, Mala Sagar, Suresh Babu, Vijay Kumar
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology.2023; 27(3): 597. CrossRef
Commentary on “Clinicopathological features of programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma”
Juan Francisco Peña-Cardelles, José Ernesto Moro-Rodríguez, José Luís Cebrián-Carretero, José Juan Pozo-Kreilinger
Open Medicine.2022; 17(1): 227. CrossRef
Prognostic Value of Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression in Solid Tumors Irrespective of Immunotherapy Exposure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Ramy R. Saleh, Jordan L. Scott, Nicholas Meti, Danielle Perlon, Rouhi Fazelzad, Alberto Ocana, Eitan Amir
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Differences in PD-L1 Expression between oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Sebastian Blatt, Maximilian Krüger, Constantin Rump, Stefanie Zimmer, Keyvan Sagheb, Julian Künzel, Afsheen Raza
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Expression of PD-L1 is HPV/P16-independent in oral squamous cell carcinoma
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Survival Outcomes of Complete Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Hiroaki Kuroda, Shin Koyama, Mingyon Mun, Jun Nakajima, Kazuhito Funai, Ichiro Yoshino, Yoshikane Yamauchi, Masafumi Kawamura
Cancer Management and Research.2022; Volume 14: 3095. CrossRef
Expression of PD-L1 is HPV/P16-Independent in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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PD-L1 TESTING AND IMMUNOTHERAPY SELECTION – EARLY LABORATORY EXPERIENCE AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER MANAGEMENT
Bancu Bancu, Richard Cowan, Anshuman Chaturvedi
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Immunotherapy Advances in Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Relationship With Human Papillomavirus
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Distinct immune microenvironment profiles of therapeutic responders emerge in combined TGFβ/PD-L1 blockade-treated squamous cell carcinoma
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Jerry Polesel, Anna Menegaldo, Giancarlo Tirelli, Vittorio Giacomarra, Roberto Guerrieri, Lorena Baboci, Mariateresa Casarotto, Valentina Lupato, Giuseppe Fanetti, Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo, Elisabetta Fratta
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A treatise on endothelial biology and exosomes: homage to Theresa Maria Listowska Whiteside
N. Ludwig, M. T. Lotze
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PD-L1 expression and survival in p16-negative and -positive squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva
Bastian Czogalla, Deborah Pham, Fabian Trillsch, Miriam Rottmann, Julia Gallwas, Alexander Burges, Sven Mahner, Thomas Kirchner, Udo Jeschke, Doris Mayr, Elisa Schmoeckel
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2020; 146(3): 569. CrossRef
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Jacob K. Lilja-Fischer, Jesper G. Eriksen, Jeanette B. Georgsen, Thao T. Vo, Stine R. Larsen, Jonathan Cheng, Michael Busch-Sørensen, Deepti Aurora-Garg, Torben Steiniche, Jens Overgaard
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Immunologic impact of chemoradiation in cervical cancer and how immune cell infiltration could lead toward personalized treatment
Lien Lippens, Mieke Van Bockstal, Emiel A. De Jaeghere, Philippe Tummers, Amin Makar, Sofie De Geyter, Koen Van de Vijver, An Hendrix, Katrien Vandecasteele, Hannelore Denys
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Molecular Carcinogenesis.2020; 59(7): 745. CrossRef
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PD-L1 Expression and a High Tumor Infiltrate of CD8+ Lymphocytes Predict Outcome in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cells Carcinoma
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Evaluation of p16 in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer for a 10-Year Study in Northeast China: Significance of HPV in Correlation with PD-L1 Expression

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Cancer Management and Research.2020; Volume 12: 6747. CrossRef
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Iacopo Panarese, Gabriella Aquino, Andrea Ronchi, Francesco Longo, Marco Montella, Immacolata Cozzolino, Giuseppe Roccuzzo, Giuseppe Colella, Michele Caraglia, Renato Franco
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The Double-Edged Sword—How Human Papillomaviruses Interact With Immunity in Head and Neck Cancer
Hao-fan Wang, Sha-sha Wang, Ya-Jie Tang, Yu Chen, Min Zheng, Ya-ling Tang, Xin-hua Liang
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Min Hu, Tianyu Li, Zixiang Bo, Feixiang Xiang
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Fabinshy Thangarajah, Bernd Morgenstern, Caroline Pahmeyer, Lars Mortimer Schiffmann, Julian Puppe, Peter Mallmann, Stefanie Hamacher, Reinhard Buettner, Christina Alidousty, Barbara Holz, Andreas H. Scheel, Anne Maria Schultheis
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Florian Castet, Jesús Brenes, Miren Taberna, Ricard Mesía
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PYHIN genes as potential biomarkers for prognosis of human papillomavirus-positive or -negative head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Giuseppe Riva, Giancarlo Pecorari, Matteo Biolatti, Sara Pautasso, Irene Lo Cigno, Massimiliano Garzaro, Valentina Dell’Oste, Santo Landolfo
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Priyadharsini Nagarajan, Christian El-Hadad, Stephen K. Gruschkus, Jing Ning, Courtney W. Hudgens, Oded Sagiv, Neil Gross, Michael T. Tetzlaff, Bita Esmaeli
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PD-L1-specific helper T-cells exhibit effective antitumor responses: new strategy of cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-L1 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Yui Hirata-Nozaki, Takayuki Ohkuri, Kenzo Ohara, Takumi Kumai, Marino Nagata, Shohei Harabuchi, Akemi Kosaka, Toshihiro Nagato, Kei Ishibashi, Kensuke Oikawa, Naoko Aoki, Mizuho Ohara, Yasuaki Harabuchi, Yuji Uno, Hidehiro Takei, Esteban Celis, Hiroya Kob
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転移・再発頭頸部がんに対する分子標的薬と免疫チェックポイント阻害薬のエビデンス

Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho.2019; 122(6): 848. CrossRef
Prognostic Value of Combined Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand and p16 Expression Predicting Responsiveness to Radiotherapy in Patients with Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Minsu Kwon, Dae Hwan Kim, Ki Ju Cho, Youngchul Kim, Jin Pyeong Kim, Bae Kwon Jeong, Jong Sil Lee, Ji-Hyun Seo, Jung Je Park
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Valerie Cristina, Ruth Gabriela Herrera-Gómez, Petr Szturz, Vittoria Espeli, Marco Siano
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Targeting the EGFR and Immune Pathways in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (SCCHN): Forging a New Alliance
Nabil F. Saba, Zhuo Gerogia Chen, Missak Haigentz, Paolo Bossi, Alessandra Rinaldo, Juan P. Rodrigo, Antti A. Mäkitie, Robert P. Takes, Primoz Strojan, Jan B. Vermorken, Alfio Ferlito
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PD-L1 Expression in Tumor Cells Is an Independent Unfavorable Prognostic Factor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Juan C. de Vicente, Tania Rodríguez-Santamarta, Juan P. Rodrigo, Verónica Blanco-Lorenzo, Eva Allonca, Juana M. García-Pedrero
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The Current State of Biological and Clinical Implications of Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Cancer
Shao Hui Huang, Brian O'Sullivan, John Waldron
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Genomic Landscapes of EBV-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma vs. HPV-Associated Head and Neck Cancer
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Cross-sectional Study of Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Assessing the Effect of Host Status, Tumor Burden, and Inflammatory Activity on Venous Thromboembolism: Sung Hee Lim, Sook-young Woo, Seonwoo Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Won Seog Kim, Seok Jin Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):312-321. Published online March 2, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.266

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are not clear although thrombosis can be associated with host status, tumor burden, and inflammatory activity. We assessed the effect of those factors on VTE in a cross-sectional study of patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Materials and Methods We analyzed the occurrence of VTE in 322 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL who received rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) between 2008 and 2011. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured from serum samples archived at diagnosis.
Results
With a median follow-up duration of 41.9 months, VTE was documented in 34 patients (10.6%). A comparison of baseline characteristics indicated the group with VTE had higher percentage of old age, stage III/IV and extranodal involvements than the group without VTE (p < 0.05). Thus, the International Prognostic Index was significantly associated with VTE, but the Khorana score was not. A univariate competing risk factor analysis for VTE revealed that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were also associated with VTE (p < 0.05) in addition to host and tumor burden. However, a multivariate analysis showed that two host factors including age (≥ 60 years) and poor performance were independent risk factors for VTE. Conclusion Among potential risk factors for VTE including tumor burden and inflammatory activity, age and performance status had a strong impact on the occurrence of VTE in patients with DLBCL who received R-CHOP.

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Thrombosis risk prediction in lymphoma patients: A multi‐institutional, retrospective model development and validation study
Shengling Ma, Jennifer La, Kaitlin N. Swinnerton, Danielle Guffey, Raka Bandyo, Giordana De Las Pozas, Katy Hanzelka, Xiangjun Xiao, Cristhiam M. Rojas‐Hernandez, Christopher I. Amos, Vipul Chitalia, Katya Ravid, Kelly W. Merriman, Christopher R. Flowers,
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Cancer and thrombosis—platelets and anti-platelet drugs—
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Incidence of venous thromboembolism and predictive ability of age-adjusted international prognostic index for prediction of venous thromboembolism in Asian patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
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Nader Hanna, Susan B. Brogly, Xuejiao Shelly Wei, Christopher M. Booth, Sulaiman Nanji
World Journal of Surgery.2022; 46(1): 180. CrossRef
Venous‐thromboembolism and associated health care utilization in elderly patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Radhika Gangaraju, Elizabeth S. Davis, Smita Bhatia, Kelly M. Kenzik
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Issue of predicting the risk of thromboembolic complications in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases
S. V. Ignatiev, A. V. Lyanguzov, E. S. Fokina, N. A. Zorina, K. A. Vorobiev
Oncohematology.2022; 17(2): 134. CrossRef
Cardiovascular diseases in elderly survivors of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a Danish population-based cohort study
Maja Bech Juul, Jelena Jelicic, Pavithra Laxsen Anru, Henriette Engberg, Pernille Hammershøj Jensen, Helene Bjørg Kristensen, Joachim Baech, Michael Roost Clausen, Anne Ortved Gang, Lars Munksgaard, Tarec Christoffer El-Galaly, Henrik Frederiksen, Thomas
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Hikmat Abdel-Razeq, Mohammad Ma’koseh, Asem Mansour, Rayan Bater, Rula Amarin, Alaa Abufara, Khalid Halahleh, Mohammad Manassra, Mohammad Alrwashdeh, Mohammad Almomani, Mais Zmaily
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Joanna Rupa‐Matysek, Katarzyna Brzeźniakiewicz‐Janus, Lidia Gil, Zbigniew Krasiński, Mieczysław Komarnicki
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Mean platelet volume as a predictive marker for venous thromboembolism and mortality in patients treated for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
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Impact on Survival of Regular Postoperative Surveillance for Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Min-Young Lee, Haesu Kim, Moonjin Kim, Sungmin Kim, Hyun Ae Jung, Insuk Sohn, Won Ho Gil, Jeong Eon Lee, Seok Won Kim, Seok Jin Nam, Jin Seok Ahn, Young-Hyuck Im, Yeon Hee Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):765-773. Published online January 13, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.168

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of regular postoperative surveillance to improve the prognosis of patients with breast cancer after curative surgery. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 4,119 patients who received curative surgery for breast cancer at Samsung Medical Center between January 2000 and September 2008. Patients were divided into two groups (group I, regular postoperative surveillance; group II, control group) according to their post-therapy follow-up status for the first 5 years after surgery. Results Among the 3,770 patients selected for inclusion, groups I and II contained 3,300 (87%) and 470 (13%) patients, respectively. The recurrence rates at 5 years for groups I and II were 10.6% and 16.4%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67 to 1.09; p=0.197). The 10-year mortality cumulative rates were 8.8% for group I and 25.4% for group II (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.35; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis for recurrence-free survival (RFS), age over 40 years (p < 0.001), histologic grade 1 (p < 0.001), and pathologic stage I (p < 0.001) were associated with longer RFS but not with follow- up status. Multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS) revealed that patients in group I showed significantly improved OS (hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.37; p < 0.001). Additionally, age over 40 years, histologic grade I, and pathologic stage I were independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusion Regular follow-up for patients with breast cancer after primary surgery resulted in clinically significant improvements in patient OS.

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Follow-up strategy and survival for five common cancers: A meta-analysis
Boris Galjart, Diederik J. Höppener, Joachim G.J.V. Aerts, Christiaan H. Bangma, Cornelis Verhoef, Dirk J. Grünhagen
European Journal of Cancer.2022; 174: 185. CrossRef
Clinical Features and Outcomes of Invasive Breast Cancer: Age-Specific Analysis of a Modern Hospital-Based Registry
Ji-Yeon Kim, Danbee Kang, Seok Jin Nam, Seok Won Kim, Jeong Eon Lee, Jong Han Yu, Se Kyung Lee, Young-Hyuck Im, Jin Seok Ahn, Eliseo Guallar, Juhee Cho, Yeon Hee Park
Journal of Global Oncology.2019; (5): 1. CrossRef
Follow-Up Recommendations after Curative Resection of Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumours: Review of Current Evidence and Clinical Practice
Angela Lamarca, Hamish Clouston, Jorge Barriuso, Mairéad G McNamara, Melissa Frizziero, Was Mansoor, Richard A Hubner, Prakash Manoharan, Sarah O’Dwyer, Juan W Valle
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2019; 8(10): 1630. CrossRef
Analysis of patient-detected breast cancer recurrence
Trishul Kapoor, Sean Wrenn, Peter Callas, Ted A. James
Breast Disease.2017; 37(2): 77. CrossRef

12,197 View
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Regorafenib as Salvage Treatment in Korean Patients with Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Seung Tae Kim, Tae Won Kim, Kyu-pyo Kim, Tae-You Kim, Sae-Won Han, Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Min-Young Lee, Haesu Kim, Young Suk Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):790-795. Published online December 2, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.126

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Regorafenib, an oral multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is considered the new standard of care in patients with chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancers (CRCs). However, there are no data on this drug in Korean patients.
Materials and Methods
We evaluated patients who received oral regorafenib 160 mg once daily during the first 3 weeks of each 4-week cycle between August 2013 and September 2013. All patients had previously progressed fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin with or without biologic agents such as cetuximab or bevacizumab.
Results
Thirty-two patients were enrolled (median age, 57 years; male:female ratio, 20:12; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status [0-1:2], 31:1; colon:rectum, 21:11). The overall response rate was 3.1% and the disease control rate was 50.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]) with one partial response and 15 patients with stable disease. The median progression-free survival was 4.2 months (95% CI, 3.1 to 5.2 months) and the median overall survival has not yet been reached. The most common adverse events of grade two or higher related to regorafenib were hand-foot skin reaction (25%), mucositis (19%), abdominal pain (9%), and liver function test (LFT) abnormalities (9%). Grade 3 or 4 toxicities included LFT abnormalities (9%), abdominal pain (9%), rash (6%), anemia (3%), leukopenia (3%), neutropenic fever (3%), and fatigue (3%). There was no treatment-related death.
Conclusion
Regorafenib appears to have promising activity and tolerable toxicity profiles in Korean patients with refractory CRC, consistent with the CORRECT trial findings.

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Salvage Treatment Option for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer:Regorafenib
Havva YESİL CİNKİR
SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2020; 27(4): 471. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of regorafenib in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: A systematic review
Maria Røed Skårderud, Anne Polk, Kirsten Kjeldgaard Vistisen, Finn Ole Larsen, Dorte Lisbet Nielsen
Cancer Treatment Reviews.2018; 62: 61. CrossRef
The real-world use of regorafenib for metastatic colorectal cancer: multicentre analysis of treatment pattern and outcomes in Hong Kong
Ka-On Lam, Kin-Chung Lee, Joanne Chiu, Victor Ho-Fun Lee, Roland Leung, T S Choy, Thomas Yau
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2017; 93(1101): 395. CrossRef
Pseudocirrhosis caused by regorafenib in an advanced rectal cancer patient with multiple liver metastases
Kensuke Kumamoto, Shungo Endo, Noriyuki Isohata, Azuma Nirei, Daiki Nemoto, Kenichi Utano, Takuro Saito, Kazutomo Togashi
Molecular and Clinical Oncology.2017; 6(1): 63. CrossRef
Incidence and risk of hematologic toxicities in cancer patients treated with regorafenib
Bin Zhao, Hong Zhao
Oncotarget.2017; 8(55): 93813. CrossRef
Efficacy, Safety and Cost of Regorafenib in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in French Clinical Practice
Fabien Calcagno, Sabrina Lenoble, Zaher Lakkis, Thierry Nguyen, Samuel Limat, Christophe Borg, Marine Jary, Stefano Kim, Virginie Nerich
Clinical Medicine Insights: Oncology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef

12,551 View
148 Download
13 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Case Report

Tumor Lysis Syndrome in a Solid Tumor: A Case Report of a Patient with Invasive Thymoma: Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Ji Young Lee, Ji Hoon Kim, Ki Hong Choi, Keunchil Park, Jong-Mu Sun, Jin Seok Ahn, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(4):343-348. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.4.343

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) has rarely been observed in solid tumors. We report on a case of a patient with advanced invasive thymoma who developed tumor lysis syndrome after chemotherapy. The potential complications of TLS should be considered in treatment of extensive thymoma.

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Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome as a rare presentation of thymoma with peripheral blood lymphocytosis
Larry E Nyanti, Andy Sing Ong Tang, Adam Malik b Ismail, Lee Ping Chew, Tze Shin Leong
Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Patients With Solid Tumors: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases
Riyadh M Alqurashi , Husam H Tamim, Ziyad D Alsubhi, Alyazid A Alzahrani, Emad Tashkandi
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Spontaneous tumour lysis syndrome in cervical cancer
Yu Kyung Kim, Ji Yeon Ham, Won-Kil Lee, Kyung Eun Song
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.2017; 37(5): 679. CrossRef
Ifosfamide/mesna/paclitaxel

Reactions Weekly.2015; 1547(1): 151. CrossRef
Tumor Lysis Syndrome in Solid Tumors: An up to Date Review of the Literature
Aibek E. Mirrakhimov, Alaa M. Ali, Maliha Khan, Aram Barbaryan
Rare Tumors.2014; 6(2): 68. CrossRef

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