Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Gastrointestinal cancer

Combined Transarterial Chemoembolization and External Beam Radiotherapy for Identifying Surgical Candidates for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Macroscopic Vascular Invasion: A Propensity Score–Weighted Analysis: Sumin Lee, Jinhong Jung, Jonggi Choi, So Yeon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Danbi Lee, Ju Hyun Shim, Kang Mo Kim, Young-Suk Lim, Han Chu Lee, Gi-Won Song, Jin-hong Park, Sang Min Yoon; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):275-283. Published online May 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.076

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Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the role of hepatic resection in patients with objective responses after combined transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with macroscopic vascular invasion (MVI).
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the patients treated with combined TACE and RT for HCC with MVI between 2010 and 2015. Some of the patients with objective responses underwent hepatic resection or liver transplantation; to investigate the impact of surgery, patients with objective responses who did not undergo surgery were selected as the control group. Survival outcomes were compared using a propensity score–based stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting method.
Results
Out of the 170 patients with objective responses after combined TACE and RT, 41 patients underwent surgery, including eight liver transplantations. The unweighted surgery group was younger and had a higher proportion of solitary tumors and unilateral vascular involvement. After adjustment, the 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 61.0% and 28.6% in the surgery and non-surgery groups, respectively. The most important prognostic factor for OS was surgery (adjusted Cox hazard ratio [HR], 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17 to 0.46; p < 0.001). Complete response after TACE and RT (vs. partial response) was also a significant prognostic factor for OS (adjusted HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.61; p < 0.001). There was no surgical mortality. Four patients (9.8%) required additional surgery due to bleeding or graft failure.
Conclusion
Hepatic resection was significantly associated with improved OS in patients who showed objective responses after receiving combined TACE and RT for HCC with MVI.

Citations

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Multimodal deep learning model for predicting prognosis following radiotherapy-based combination therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Haoming Xia, Qizhen Huang, Ziyue Huang, Ziqi Zhou, Yongyi Zeng, Jingguang Ma, Xiangyu Fan, Yechong Huang, Yuexi Dong, Haitao Zhao, Gong Li, Jitao Wang, Shizhong Yang, Jiahong Dong
Cancer Letters.2026; 636: 218122. CrossRef

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Radiofrequency Ablation versus Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases: Jesang Yu, Dong Hwan Kim, Jungbok Lee, Yong Moon Shin, Jong Hoon Kim, Sang Min Yoon, Jinhong Jung, Jin Cheon Kim, Chang Sik Yu, Seok-Byung Lim, In Ja Park, Tae Won Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Sun Young Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Jin-hong Park, So Yeon Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(3):850-859. Published online October 13, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.674

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Purpose
This study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) and to determine the favorable treatment modality according to tumor characteristics.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the records of 222 colorectal cancer patients with 330 CRLM who underwent RFA (268 tumors in 178 patients) or SBRT (62 tumors in 44 patients) between 2007 and 2014. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox models were used by adjusting with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).
Results
The median follow-up duration was 30.5 months. The median tumor size was significantly smaller in the RFA group than in the SBRT group (1.5 cm vs 2.3 cm, p<0.001). In IPTW-adjusted analysis, difference in treatment modality was not associated with significant differences in 1-year and 3-year recurrence-free survival (35% vs 43%, 22% vs 23%; p=0.198), overall survival (96% vs 91%, 58% vs 56%; p=0.508), and freedom from local progression (FFLP; 90% vs 72%, 78% vs 60%; p=0.106). Significant interaction effect between the treatment modality and tumor size was observed for FFLP (p=0.001). In IPTW-adjusted subgroup analysis of patients with tumor size >2 cm, the SBRT group had a higher FFLP compared with the RFA group (HR, 0.153; p<0.001).
Conclusion
SBRT and RFA showed similar local control in the treatment of patients with CRLM. Tumor size was an independent prognostic factor for local control and SBRT may be preferred for larger tumors.

Citations

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Radiotherapy for liver tumours⭑
Marin Guigo, Laure Parent, Nicolas Jaksic, Olivier Riou, Véronique Vendrely, Emmanuel Rio
Cancer/Radiothérapie.2026; 30(1): 104802. CrossRef
Isolated para-aortic lymph node recurrence from colorectal cancer treated by radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Seok-Joo Chun, Hyunkyung Kim, Jiyun Jung, Sun Hyun Bae, Mi-Sook Kim
Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of colorectal liver metastasis (2025 Edition)
Jia Fan, Jin Gu, Baoqing Jia, Jin Li, Xinyu Qin, Xishan Wang, Jianmin Xu, Ruihua Xu, Yingjiang Ye, Suzhan Zhang, Zhongtao Zhang
Clinical Cancer Bulletin.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparative efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for oligometastatic liver disease—radiation oncologists’ perspective and practice guideline
Banu Atalar, Ceren Atahan, Michael Lock, Leandro Cardarelli Leite, Anand Mahadevan, Gamze Ugurluer, Enis Ozyar
British Journal of Radiology.2026; 99(1184): 1529. CrossRef
Ablative techniques in colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review, descriptive summary of practice, and recommendations for optimal data reporting
Wee Han Ng, Catarina Machado, Alice Rooney, Robert Jones, Jonathan Rees, Samir Pathak
European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025; 51(2): 109487. CrossRef
Effects of maximum dose on local control after stereotactic body radiotherapy for oligometastatic tumors of colorectal cancer
Su Jin Kang, Jongmoo Park, Gyu-Seog Choi, Jong Gwang Kim, Jun Seok Park, Hye Jin Kim, Jin Ho Baek, Byung Woog Kang, An Na Seo, Shin-Hyung Park, Bong Kyung Bae, Min Kyu Kang, Soo Yeun Park, Devarati Mitra
PLOS ONE.2025; 20(1): e0313438. CrossRef
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for liver metastases: where we currently stand
S.H.R. Kim, M.K. Harrison
ESMO Gastrointestinal Oncology.2025; 10: 100264. CrossRef
Treatment of Oligometastatic GI Cancers
Clayton T. Marcinak, Patrick B. Schwartz, Mustafa M. Basree, Newton Hurst, Michael Bassetti, Jeremy D. Kratz, Nataliya V. Uboha
American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Stereotactic radiotherapy for liver oligometastases: a pooled analysis following the estro/eortc consensus recommendations
D. Pezzulla, G. Chiloiro, E. M. Lima, G. Macchia, C. Romano, S. Reina, G. Panza, S. Cilla, A. G. Morganti, F. Cellini, M. A. Gambacorta, F. Deodato
Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.2024; 41(5): 667. CrossRef
Interventionelle Therapieoptionen bei oligometastasierten Tumoren
Max Seidensticker
Forum.2024; 39(5): 340. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of B-ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of primary liver cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiong Zhang, Hong-Yi Zhu, Ming Yuan
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 16(9): 2986. CrossRef
Analysis of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase after radiofrequency ablation of primary liver cancer: A retrospective study
Wen-Yu Huang, Sheng Zheng, Dan Zhu, Ying-Lang Zeng, Juan Yang, Xue-Li Zeng, Pei Liu, Shun-Ling Zhang, Ming Yuan, Zhi-Xia Wang
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 16(9): 2860. CrossRef
Evidence-based clinical recommendations for hypofractionated radiotherapy: exploring efficacy and safety - Part 4: Liver and locally recurrent rectal cancer
Hwa Kyung Byun, Gyu Sang Yoo, Soo-Yoon Sung, Jin-Ho Song, Byoung Hyuck Kim, Yoo-Kang Kwak, Yeon Joo Kim, Yeon-Sil Kim, Kyung Su Kim
Radiation Oncology Journal.2024; 42(4): 247. CrossRef
Role of Radiotherapy in Liver Tumors: Recent Update
Vito Filbert Jayalie, Merinda, Herryanto Lumbantobing, Sudibio, Julius Oentario, Hendriyo, Sry Suryani Widjaja
Forum of Clinical Oncology.2024; 15(1): 61. CrossRef
Recent trends in radiotherapy use for major cancers in Korea
Kyungmi Yang, Jeong Eun Lee, Won Park, Yong Chan Ahn, Seung Jae Huh
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2023; 53(12): 1177. CrossRef
Combination of endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation and adaptive radiation therapy for the treatment of lymph node metastases from colon adenocarcinoma: A case report
Federica Borrelli de Andreis, Maria Alessandra Calegari, Angela Romano, Maria Gabriella Brizi, Luigi Sofo, Ivo Boskoski, Guido Costamagna, Fabia Attili
Current Problems in Cancer: Case Reports.2023; 9: 100216. CrossRef
Comparison of radiofrequency ablation and ablative external radiotherapy for the treatment of intrahepatic malignancies: A hybrid meta-analysis
Chai Hong Rim, Jung Sue Lee, Soo Yeon Kim, Jinsil Seong
JHEP Reports.2023; 5(1): 100594. CrossRef
Metastasis-Directed Local Therapy of Hepatic Oligometastasis from Colorectal Cancer and Future Perspective in Radiation Therapy
Gyu Sang Yoo, Chai Hong Rim, Won Kyung Cho, Jae-Uk Jeong, Eui Kyu Chie, Hyeon-Min Cho, Jun Won Um, Yong Chan Ahn, Jong Hoon Lee
Cancer Research and Treatment.2023; 55(3): 707. CrossRef
Local Control Following Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Liver Oligometastases: Lessons from a Quarter Century
Sara Mheid, Stefan Allen, Sylvia S. W. Ng, William A. Hall, Nina N. Sanford, Todd A. Aguilera, Ahmed M. Elamir, Rana Bahij, Martijn P. W. Intven, Ganesh Radhakrishna, Issa Mohamad, Jeremy De Leon, Hendrick Tan, Shirley Lewis, Cihan Gani, Teo Stanecu, Vero
Current Oncology.2023; 30(10): 9230. CrossRef
Combination of endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation and stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of lymph node metastases from colon adenocarcinoma: a case report
F. Borrelli de Andreis, M. A. Calegari, A. Romano, M. G. Brizi, L. Sofo, I. Boskoski, G. Costamagna, C. Spada, F. Attili
Endoscopy.2023; 55(S 02): S86. CrossRef
Evidence on percutaneous radiofrequency and microwave ablation for liver metastases over the last decade
Koji Tomita, Yusuke Matsui, Mayu Uka, Noriyuki Umakoshi, Takahiro Kawabata, Kazuaki Munetomo, Shoma Nagata, Toshihiro Iguchi, Takao Hiraki
Japanese Journal of Radiology.2022; 40(10): 1035. CrossRef

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Breast cancer

Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy for Node-Negative Breast Cancer of 5 cm or Larger Tumors: A Multicenter Retrospective Analysis (KROG 20-03): Kyubo Kim, Jinhong Jung, Haeyoung Kim, Wonguen Jung, Kyung Hwan Shin, Ji Hyun Chang, Su Ssan Kim, Won Park, Jee Suk Chang, Yong Bae Kim, Sung Ja Ahn, Ik Jae Lee, Jong Hoon Lee, Hae Jin Park, Jihye Cha, Juree Kim, Jin Hwa Choi, Taeryool Koo, Jeanny Kwon, Jin Hee Kim, Mi Young Kim, Shin-Hyung Park, Yeon-Joo Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):497-504. Published online August 25, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.933

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Purpose
To evaluate the role of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in patients with node-negative breast cancer of 5cm or larger tumors undergoing mastectomy
Materials and Methods
Medical records of 274 patients from 18 institutions treated with mastectomy between January 2000 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Among these, 202 patients underwent PMRT, while 72 did not. Two hundred and forty-one patients (88.0%) received systemic chemotherapy, and 172 (62.8%) received hormonal therapy. Patients receiving PMRT were younger, more likely to have progesterone receptor-positive tumors, and received adjuvant chemotherapy more frequently compared with those without PMRT (p <0.001, 0.018, and <0.001, respectively). Other characteristics were not significantly different between the two groups.
Results
With a median follow-up of 95 months (range, 1-249), there were 9 locoregional recurrences, and 20 distant metastases. The 8-year locoregional recurrence-free survival rates were 98.0% with PMRT and 91.3% without PMRT (p=0.133), and the 8-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 91.8% with PMRT and 73.9% without PMRT (p=0.008). On multivariate analysis incorporating age, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, and PMRT, the absence of lymphovascular invasion and the receipt of PMRT were associated with improved DFS (p=0.025 and 0.009, respectively).
Conclusion
Locoregional recurrence rate was very low in node-negative breast cancer of 5cm or larger tumors treated with mastectomy regardless of the receipt of PMRT. However, PMRT was significantly associated with improved DFS. Further investigation is needed to confirm these findings.

Citations

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Outcomes with and without postmastectomy radiotherapy for pT3N0‐1M0 breast cancer: An institutional experience
Xinxin Rao, Xuanyi Wang, Kairui Jin, Yilan Yang, Xu Zhao, Zhe Pan, Weiluo Lv, Zhen Zhang, Li Zhang, Xiaoli Yu, Xiaomao Guo
Cancer Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The effect of radiotherapy on patients with pathological stage IIB breast cancer after breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy: A cohort study
Yi-Ying Pan, Tzu-Yu Lai, Cheng-Ying Shiau, Ling-Ming Tseng, I-Chun Lai, Yu-Ming Liu, Pin-I Huang
Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2024; 87(2): 202. CrossRef
Post-mastectomy radiation therapy after breast reconstruction: from historic dogmas to practical expert agreements based on a large literature review of surgical and radiation therapy considerations
Yazid Belkacemi, Meena S. Moran, Burcu Celet Ozden, Yazan Masannat, Fady Geara, Mohamed Albashir, Nhu Hanh To, Kamel Debbi, Mahmoud El Tamer
Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2024; 200: 104421. CrossRef
Impact of the 21-gene recurrence score testing on chemotherapy selection and clinical outcomes in T3N0 luminal breast cancer
Ke Liu, Jia-Yi Li, Guan-Qiao Li, Zhen-Yu He, San-Gang Wu
Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy.2024; 24(12): 1283. CrossRef
Post-Mastectomy Radiation Therapy: Applications and Advancements
Jessica L. Thompson, Steven G. Allen, Cecilia Pesavento, Corey W. Speers, Jacqueline S. Jeruss
Current Breast Cancer Reports.2022; 14(3): 75. CrossRef

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