Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Gastrointestinal cancer

Combined Transarterial Chemoembolization and External Beam Radiotherapy for Identifying Surgical Candidates for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Macroscopic Vascular Invasion: A Propensity Score–Weighted Analysis: Sumin Lee, Jinhong Jung, Jonggi Choi, So Yeon Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Danbi Lee, Ju Hyun Shim, Kang Mo Kim, Young-Suk Lim, Han Chu Lee, Gi-Won Song, Jin-hong Park, Sang Min Yoon; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):275-283. Published online May 22, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.076

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Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the role of hepatic resection in patients with objective responses after combined transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiotherapy (RT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with macroscopic vascular invasion (MVI).
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the patients treated with combined TACE and RT for HCC with MVI between 2010 and 2015. Some of the patients with objective responses underwent hepatic resection or liver transplantation; to investigate the impact of surgery, patients with objective responses who did not undergo surgery were selected as the control group. Survival outcomes were compared using a propensity score–based stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting method.
Results
Out of the 170 patients with objective responses after combined TACE and RT, 41 patients underwent surgery, including eight liver transplantations. The unweighted surgery group was younger and had a higher proportion of solitary tumors and unilateral vascular involvement. After adjustment, the 3-year overall survival (OS) rates were 61.0% and 28.6% in the surgery and non-surgery groups, respectively. The most important prognostic factor for OS was surgery (adjusted Cox hazard ratio [HR], 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17 to 0.46; p < 0.001). Complete response after TACE and RT (vs. partial response) was also a significant prognostic factor for OS (adjusted HR, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.61; p < 0.001). There was no surgical mortality. Four patients (9.8%) required additional surgery due to bleeding or graft failure.
Conclusion
Hepatic resection was significantly associated with improved OS in patients who showed objective responses after receiving combined TACE and RT for HCC with MVI.

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Multimodal deep learning model for predicting prognosis following radiotherapy-based combination therapy in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Haoming Xia, Qizhen Huang, Ziyue Huang, Ziqi Zhou, Yongyi Zeng, Jingguang Ma, Xiangyu Fan, Yechong Huang, Yuexi Dong, Haitao Zhao, Gong Li, Jitao Wang, Shizhong Yang, Jiahong Dong
Cancer Letters.2026; 636: 218122. CrossRef

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Real-Life Experience of Sorafenib Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea: From GIDEON Data: Do Young Kim, Hye Jin Kim, Kwang-Hyub Han, Sang Young Han, Jeong Heo, Hyun Young Woo, Soon Ho Um, Yeul Hong Kim, Young Oh Kweon, Ho Yeong Lim, Jung Hwan Yoon, Wan Sik Lee, Byung Seok Lee, Han Chu Lee, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Seung Kew Yoon; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(4):1243-1252. Published online February 24, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.278

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Purpose
The purpose of this study is to report real life experiences of sorafenib therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Korea, using a subset of data from GIDEON (Global Investigation of Therapeutic Decisions in HCC and of Its Treatment with Sorafenib; a large, prospective, observational study).
Materials and Methods
Between January 2009 and April 2012, a total of 497 patients were enrolled from 11 sites in Korea. Of these, 482 patients were evaluable for safety analyses. Case report forms of paper or electronic version were used to record safety and efficacy data from all patients.
Results
More patients of Child-Pugh A received sorafenib for > 8 weeks than did patients of Child-Pugh B (55.5% vs. 34.3%). Child-Pugh score did not appear to influence the starting dose of sorafenib, and approximately 70% of patients both in Child-Pugh A and B groups received the recommended initial daily dose of 800 mg (69.0% and 69.5%, respectively). The median overall survival (OS) and time to progression (TTP) were 8.5 months and 2.5 months. In Child-Pugh A patients, the median OS and TTP were 10.2 months and 2.5 months. The most frequent treatment-emergent drug-related adverse event was hand-foot skin reaction (31.7%), followed by diarrhea (18.0%). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar in both Child-Pugh A (85.4%) and Child-Pugh B (84.8%) patients.
Conclusion
Sorafenib was well tolerated by Korean HCC patients in clinical settings, and the safety profile did not appear to differ by Child-Pugh status. Survival benefit in Korean patients was in line with that of a previous pivotal phase III trial (SHARP).

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Evaluating Sorafenib (SORA-2) as Second-Line Treatment for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A European Retrospective Multicenter Study
Christian Möhring, Moritz Berger, Farsaneh Sadeghlar, Xin Zhou, Taotao Zhou, Malte Benedikt Monin, Kateryna Shmanko, Sabrina Welland, Friedrich Sinner, Birgit Schwacha-Eipper, Ulrike Bauer, Christoph Roderburg, Angelo Pirozzi, Najib Ben Khaled, Peter Schr
Cancers.2025; 17(6): 972. CrossRef
Real-World Comparison of Lenvatinib and Sorafenib as First-Line Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Study
Mira Kang, Won Chul Cha, Dong Hyun Sinn, Woo Kyoung Jeong, Do Young Kim, Min Ji Lee, Subin Lim, DongKyu Kim, Kyu-Pyo Kim, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Won-Mook Choi, Kang Mo Kim, Ki-Hun Kim, Doik Lee, Eui Jun Choi, Choungwon Jung, Joohyun Kim, Jung Yong Hong
Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2025; Volume 12: 2611. CrossRef
Sorafenib for 9,923 Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Analysis from National Health Insurance Claim Data in South Korea
Sojung Han, Do Young Kim, Ho Yeong Lim, Jung-Hwan Yoon, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Yujeong Kim, Kookhee Kim, Bo Yeon Kim, So Young Yi, Dong-Sook Kim, Do-Yeon Cho, Jina Yu, Suhyun Kim, Joong-Won Park
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(1): 116. CrossRef
Locoregional treatment improves overall survival for liver cancer during second-line regorafenib or immune checkpoint inhibitor
Po-Ting Lin
American Journal of Cancer Research.2024; 14(3): 1306. CrossRef
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Florian P. Reiter, Najib Ben Khaled, Liangtao Ye, Changhua Zhang, Max Seidensticker, Mark op den Winkel, Gerald Denk, Andreas Geier, Enrico N. De Toni
Digestive Diseases.2022; 40(5): 565. CrossRef
Treatment efficacy by hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy vs. sorafenib after liver-directed concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Sojung Han, Hye Jin Choi, Seung-Hoon Beom, Hye Rim Kim, Hyein Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Hye Won Lee, Jun Yong Park, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Jinsil Seong, Jong Yun Won, Beom Kyung Kim
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2021; 147(10): 3123. CrossRef
Hepatocellular cancer therapy in patients with HIV infection: Disparities in cancer care, trials enrolment, and cancer-related research
Francesca Negri, Gabriele Missale, Anna Degli Antoni, Camillo Porta
Translational Oncology.2021; 14(9): 101153. CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Liver-Directed Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy and Sequential Sorafenib for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Prospective Phase 2 Trial
Beom Kyung Kim, Do Young Kim, Hwa Kyung Byun, Hye Jin Choi, Seung-Hoon Beom, Hye Won Lee, Seung Up Kim, Jun Yong Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Jinsil Seong, Kwang-Hyub Han
International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics.2020; 107(1): 106. CrossRef
Transarterial Infusion of Epirubicin and Cisplatin Combined With Systemic Infusion of 5-Flurouracil Versus Sorafenib for Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Refractoriness of Transarterial Chemoembolization Using Doxorubicin
Sun Hong Yoo, Jung Hyun Kwon, Soon Woo Nam, Jong Yul Lee, Young Woon Kim, Dong Jae Shim, Sung Won Lee, Jeong Won Jang
Cancer Control.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Korea between 2012 and 2014: an Analysis of Data from the Korean Nationwide Cancer Registry
Young Eun Chon, Han Ah Lee, Jun Sik Yoon, Jun Yong Park, Bo Hyun Kim, In Joon Lee, Suk Kyun Hong, Dong Hyeon Lee, Hyun-Joo Kong, Eunyang Kim, Young-Joo Won, Jeong-Hoon Lee
Journal of Liver Cancer.2020; 20(2): 135. CrossRef
Appraisal of Long-Term Outcomes of Liver-Directed Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Major Portal Vein Invasion

Sojung Han, Hye Won Lee, Jun Yong Park, Seung Up Kim, Do Young Kim, Sang Hoon Ahn, Kwang-Hyub Han, Jinsil Seong, Jong Yun Won, Dai Hoon Han, Beom Kyung Kim
Journal of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.2020; Volume 7: 403. CrossRef
Sorafenib: key lessons from over 10 years of experience
Bernard Escudier, Francis Worden, Masatoshi Kudo
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Liver Transplantation after Successful Downstaging with Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy in a Patient with Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus
Hee Chul Nam, Pil Soo Sung, Ho Jong Chun, Dong Goo Kim, Jeong Won Jang, Jong Young Choi, Seung Kew Yoon
Journal of Liver Cancer.2019; 19(1): 64. CrossRef
18F–fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of hepatocellular carcinoma as a prognostic predictor in patients with sorafenib treatment
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Treatment options after sorafenib failure in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
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Clinical and Molecular Hepatology.2017; 23(4): 273. CrossRef
Dickkopf-1 induces angiogenesis via VEGF receptor 2 regulation independent of the Wnt signaling pathway
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Oncotarget.2017; 8(35): 58974. CrossRef

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